Water and Environment of Kangsabati River
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24906/isc/2023/v37/i6/45877Keywords:
Water characteristics, Kangsabati, Keleghai, Kapaleswari, Changing river course, River commons, Water quality indices.Abstract
The normal flow of the Kangsabati River, famous for its reservoir at Mukutmanipur, has been practically stopped due to damming on a temporary basis particularly in middle and downstream stretches. Although there are no significant towns on the riverbanks, water is polluted by mixing of waste materials in the river water from the non-point sources. The pollution level of this river is determined in the category of priority IV for BOD concentration 6.4 mg/l of the surface water samples near Midnapore town.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
G K Das, Coastal Environments of India, A Coastal West Bengal Perspective, Springer, Switzerland, page 232, 2023, https://link.springer.com/ book/10.1007/978-3-031-18846-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18846-6
G K Das, Shilabati River: Its environment, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 36, No 5, page 40-45, 2022.
G K Das, Forests and Forestry of West Bengal– Survey and Analysis, Springer, page 231, 2021, http://www.springer.com/ISBN 978-3-030-807054, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80706-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80706-1
G K Das, Mahua Tree and Its Products, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 36, No 4, page 11-12, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24906/isc/2022/v36/i3/213771
G K Das, Interference in the Elephant Corridor: Its Effect and Mitigation, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 36, No 4, page 13, 2022.
G K Das, Medicinal Plants around Wetlands in Sunderbans, Frontier, 2019.
G K Das, Eucalyptus Plantation in Badlands, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 36, No 2, page 8-9, 2022.
G K Das, Environmental Feasibility Test for Eucalyptus Plantation Applying Statistical Methods, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 36, No 2, page 52-53, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24906/isc/2022/v36/i2/212546
A Essayas, Determinants of Declining Water Quality, World Bank, Washington, DC, page 49, 2019.
Anonymous, Database on Environment and Forestry Statistics of West Bengal, Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal, 2015.
H Xu, H W Paerl, B Qin, G Zhu and G Gao, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Inputs Control Phytoplankton Growth in Eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 55, No 1, page 420-432, 2010, DOI:10.4319/lo.2010.55.1.0420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.1.0420
H W Paerl, N S Hall and E S Calandrino, Controlling Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a World Experiencing Anthropogenic and ClimaticInduced Change, Science of the Total Environment, Vol 409, No 10, page 1739-1745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001
H Lv, J Yang, L Liu, X Yu, Z Yu and P Chiang, Temperature and Nutrients are Significant Drivers of Seasonal Shift in Phytoplankton Community from a Drinking Water Reservoir, Subtropical China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol 21, page 5917–5928, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2534-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2534-3
J P Doubek, C C Carey and B J Cardinale, Anthropogenic Land Use is Associated with N-Fixing Cyanobacterial Dominance in Lakes across the Continental United States, Aquatic Sciences, Vol 77, No 4, page 681-694, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-015-0411-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-015-0411-x
EPA, Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, page 144, 2000.
H G Stefan, X Fang, D Wright, J G Eaton andJ H Mccormick, Simulation of dissolved Oxygen Profiles in a Transparent, Dimictic Lake, Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 40, No 1, page 105-118, 1995, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0105
B Q Liao, H J Lin, S P Langevin, W J Gao and G G Leppard, Effects of Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen on Sludge Properties and Their Role in Bioflocculation and Settling, Water Research, Vol 45, No 2, page 509-520, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.010
B A Day and H I Nightingale, Relationships Between Ground-Water Silica, Total Dissolved Solids, and Specific Electrical Conductivity, Groundwater, 22(1, page 80-85, 1984, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01479.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01479.x
E A Atekwana, R S Rowe, D D Werkema and F D Legall, The Relationship of Total Dissolved Solids Measurements to Bulk Electrical Conductivity in an Aquifer Contaminated with Hydrocarbon, Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol 56, No 4, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.08.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.08.003
R J Miltner and E T Rankin, Primary Nutrients and the Biotic Integrity of Rivers and Streams, Freshwater Biology, Vol 40, No 1, page 145158, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.13652427.1998.00324.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00324.x
I Sheiham, Water Chemistry, Water Research, 1981, DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(81)90032-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90032-4
N Yao, J Wang and Y Zhou, Rapid Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand of Water Using a Thermal Biosensor, Sensors, Vol 14, No 6, page 9949-9960, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s140609949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s140609949
G Kim, E Choi and D Lee, Diffuse and Point Pollution Impacts on the Pathogen Indicator Organism Level in the Geum River, Korea, Science of the Total Environment, Vol 350, No 1-3, page 94-105, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.021
J S Fries, G W Characklis and R T Noble, Attachment of Fecal Indicator Bacteria to Particles in the Neuse River Estuary, N.C. Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol 132, No 10, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339372(2006)132:10(1338). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:10(1338)
M A Mallin, V L Johnson and S H Ensign, Comparative Impacts of Storm Water Runoff on Water Quality of an Urban, a Suburban, and a Rural Stream, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol 159, page 475–491, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0644-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0644-4
E C Sanders, Y Yuan and A Pitchford, Fecal Coliform and E. coli Concentrations in EffluentDominated Streams of the Upper Santa Cruz Eatershed, Water (Switzerland), Vol 5, No 1, page 243-261, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/w5010243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w5010243
CPCB Report, Polluted River Stretches for Restoration of Water Quality, Water Quality Management (I) Division, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Delhi, page 94, November, 2022.
G K Das, Impact of Water Quality on the Changing Environmental Scenario of Sunderbans, ReasonTechnical Magazine, Vol 11, page 57-66, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21843/reas/2012/57-66/108198
G K Das, Tidal Sedimentation in the Sunderban’s Thakuran Basin, Springer, Switzerland, page 15, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44191-7
G K Das, Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans, Springer, Switzerland, page 211, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11343-2
Anonymous, Action Plan for Rejuvenation of River Jalangi Krishnagar, West Bengal, Priority–IV, Nodal Agency Municipal Engineering Directorate Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs Government of West Bengal, River Rejuvenation Committee, West Bengal, page 1-14, 2020.
G N Ewing, Instrumental Method of Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Company, N.Y., page 624, 1985.
G K Das and S Datta, Managing Waters of Wetlands in and around Kolkata, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 20, No 3, page 22-27, 2006.
G K Das and S Datta, Surface Water Assessment of Kolkata Wetlands, IGA Review, Max Mueller Bhavan, Kolkata, 2004.
G K Das and S Datta, Studies on the Impact of Water Quality on the Adjoining Wetland Ecosystem of Bidyadhari River, West Bengal, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 18, No 4, page 16-21, 2004.
G K Das, S Datta and S K Sanyal, Need for Geomorphic Mapping in Terms of PhysicoChemical Analysis of the Sewage Fed Bidyadhari River Carrying Effluents from the Greater Calcutta, J. Indian Soc. Coastal Agric. Res., Vol 22, No 1&2, page 49-51, 2004.
G K Das and S Datta, Man-Made Environmental Degradation at Sunderbans, Reason- A Technical Journal, Vol 13, page 89-105, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21843/reas/2014/89-106/108127
G K Das, Changing Environment and Responses of the Living Systems, IGA Review, Max Mueller Bhaban, Kolkata, page 16-19, 2003.
G K Das, River Systems of West Bengal: Water Quality and Environment. In: River Systems of West Bengal. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. page 180, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53480-5-1, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-53480-5.
N Luvhimbi, TG Tshitangano, JT Mabunda, FC Olaniyi and JN Edokpayi, Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Human Health Risk of Drinking Water from Source to Point of Use at Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province, Scientific Reports, Vol 12, No 6059, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10092-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10092-4
S Chidiac, P El Najjar, N Ouaini, Y El Rayess and D El Azzi, A Comprehensive Review of Water Quality
Indices (WQIs): History, Models, Attempts and Perspectives. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol., page 349-395. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11157-023-09650-7. PMID: 37234131; PMCID: PMC10006569.22(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-023-09650-7