Horse Gram - A Prospective Functional Food

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • P. Vandarkuzhali
     Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry ,IN
  • Sangeetha Narayanasamy
     Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry ,IN

Keywords:

Horse Gram, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Processing, Phytochemicals, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Value.

Abstract

Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) - an underexploited poor man's pulse crop is a succulent, pubescent and drought resistant annual bushy herb which is an indigenous food crop of Indian peninsula gaining more importance for its high protein and fiber content. National Academy of Science recognized it as a potential food resource. This legume was commonly used by farmer community and low income group people due to its unacceptable taste and flavor in earlier days. But now, it can be consumed as whole, dehulled, splits, canned, boiled, roasted or ground into flour which occupied a very important place in human diet in many developing countries. Horse gram is not only having good nutritional profile but also occupies a prominent role both in traditional and modern medicine. It is always essential to have an in-depth knowledge of the plant with regard to its ecobiology, phytochemistry and nutritive values and all other applications before using the plant for any purpose so as to gain the maximum utility of the plant. The detailed information about the origin, distribution, morphology, ecological features and crop management of horse gram is discussed in this paper. Nutritional compositions, phytochemicals, significance of processing and product formulation are well summarized. This paper also briefs various medicinal properties and formulations of horse gram used to treat diseases. Putting into nutshell, this paper overviews the importance of poor man's pulse crop as food, nutraceutical and medicine which could get a prominent role in therapeutic food preparations for the global community.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2015-06-01

How to Cite

Vandarkuzhali, P., & Narayanasamy, S. (2015). Horse Gram - A Prospective Functional Food. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 52(2), 226–243. Retrieved from https://informaticsjournals.co.in/index.php/ijnd/article/view/2465

Issue

Volume 52, Issue 2, April-June 2015

Section

Review Articles

License

All the articles published in IJND are distributed under a creative commons license. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright of their work (all usages allowed except for commercial purpose).

Please contact us at editor@informaticsglobal.com for permissions related to commercial use of the article(s).

 

References

Anderson, J.W., Story, L., Sieling, B., Chen, W.J.L., Petro, M.S. and Story, J., Hypercholesterolemia effects of oat-bran intake for hypercholesterolemia men. Am. J. Clin. Nut., 1984, 40, 1146-1155.

Hangen, L. and Bennink, M.R., Consumption of black beans and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) reduced azoxy methane-induced colon cancer in rats, Nut. in Can., 2002, 44, 60-65.

Geil, P.B. and Anderson, J.W., Nutrition and health implications of dry beans: A review. J. Am. Col. Nut., 1994, 13, 549-558.

Venkateswaran, S., Pari, L. and Saravanan, G., Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on circulatory antioxidants and lipids in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J. Med. Fd., 2002, 5, 97-103.

Kolonel, L.N, Hankin, J.H., Whittemore, A.S., Wu, A.H. and Gallagher, R.P. et al., Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: A multiethnic case-control study. Can. Epid. Biomark Prev., 2000, 9, 795-804.

Adebamowo, C.A., Eunyoung, Cho, Laura Sampson, Martiin. B., Katan, Donna Spiegelman et al., Dietary flavonols and flavonol-rich foods intake and the risk of breast cancer. Int. J. Can., 2005, 114, 628-633.

Maikhuri, R.K, Nautiyal, M.C. and Khali, M.P. Lesser-known crops of food value in Garhwal Himalaya and a strategy to conserve them. FAO/IBPGR plant Genetics. Resource Newsletter, 1991, 86, 33-36.

Janardhanan, K. and Nalini, K., Studies on the tribal pules, Entadu scandens Benth: Chemical composition and anti nutritional factors. J. Fd. Sci. Technol., 1991, 28, 249-251.

Siddhuraju, P., Klaus, B. and Makkar, H.P.S. Studies on the nutritional composition and anti nutritional factors of three different germ plasm seed materials of an under-utilized tropical legume, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 2000, 48, 6048-6060.

Veerabahu Ramasamy Mohan and Chinnamadasamy Kalidas. Nutritional and anti nutritional composition of itching bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC var. pruriens): an underutilized tribal pulse in Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Tro. Sub tro. Agroeco sys., 2011, 14, 279-293.

Kalidass, C. and Mohan, V.R., Genetic resources of under exploited legumes/tribal pulses of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. J. Eco. Tax. Bot., 2011, 35, 241-248.

Siddhuraju, P., Vinayakumari, K. and Janardhanan, K., Chemical composition and protein quality of the little-known legume, velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC). J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 1996, 44, 2636-2641.

Vadivel, V. and Janardhanan, K., Nutritional and anti-nutritional attributes of the underutilized legume cassia floribunda Cav. Fd. Chem., 2001, 73, 209-215.

Seena, S., Sridhar, K.R. and Jung, K., Nutritional and anti nutritional evaluation of raw and processed seeds of a wild legume, Canavalia cathartica of coastal sand dunes of India. Fd.Chem., 2005, 92, 465-472.

Ezeagu, I.E., Sridevi, Haridas Rao, P., Hatandranath, Appu Rao, A.G., Gowda, L.R. and Tarawale, G. Prospects for incorporation of defatted Mucuna flour in biscuit formulation. J. Fd. Sci. Technol., 2002, 38, 435-438.

Priyawiwatkul, W., Eitenmiller, R.R., Beuchat, L.R., McWatters, K.H. and Phillips, R.D., Cowpea flour vitamins and trypsin inhibitor affected by treatment and fermentation with Rhizopus microspores, J. Fd. Sci., 1996, 61, 1039-1042.

Purseglove, J.W., Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons. (Longman: London), 1974.

National Academy of Science Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Report of the Ad-Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology. Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Washington DC, 1979.

Kumar, V. and Gowda, L.R., The contribution of two disulfide bonds in the trypsin binding domain of horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) Bowman-Birk inhibitor to thermal stability and functionality. Arch. Biochem, Biophys., 2013, 537, 49-61.

Yadahally N. Sreerama, Dennis A. Neelam, Vadakoot B. Sashikala and Vishwas M. Pratape., Distribution of nutrients and anti nutrients in milled fractions of chickpea and horse gram: seed coat phenolics and their distinct modes of enzyme inhibition. J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 2010, 58, 4322-4330.

Kuhar, K., Rekha Kansal, Bhattiprolu Subramanyam Kirpa Ram Koundal, Kanika Miglani and Vijay Kumar Gupta. A Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor with antifeedant and antifungal activity from Dolichos biflorus. Acta Phy. Plantarum., 2013, 35, 1887-1903.

Ray, P.K., Toxic factor(s) in raw horse gram (Dolichos biflorus). J. Fd. Sci., 1969, 6, 207-211.

Aiyer, Y.N., Horse gram, In: Field Crops of India, 7th Edn. (Aiyer, Y.N.ED), Bangalore Press, Bangalore. 1990, 115-117.

Shashi Jain, Vishakha Singh and Shipra Chelawat, Chemical and physiochemical properties of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) and its product formulation. J. Dair. Fds & H.S., 2012, 31, 184-190.

Dorian Fuller, Ravi Korisettar, P.C., Venkatasubbaiah and Martin K. Jones. Early polant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeo botanical results. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 2004, 13, 115-129.

Arora, A., Popped sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) quality characteristics and their relationship with grain physiological properties. M.Sc Thesis, G.B. Plant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, 1991.

Khare, C.P., Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer reference. Springer Science and Business media, LLC. 2007, 222.

Chinnaswamy Appunu, Govindan Ganesan, Michal Kalita, Raghavan Kaushik, Balamurugan Saranya, Vaiyapuri Ramalingam Prabavarthy and Nair Sudha. Phylogenetic diversity of Rhizobia associated with horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lara.) Verd.) grown in South India based on gin II, rec A and 16S-23S inter genie sequence analysis. Curr. Micro., 2010, 62, 1230-1238.

Bhattacharjee, S.K., Hand book of medicinal plants, 5th Revised & Enlarged edn. Pointer publishers, Jaipur, India. 1998, 135.

Nadkarni, A.K., Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1986.

Kochar, S.L., Economic botany in the tropics. Macmillan, 1992.

Sastri, B.N., The wealth of India, Raw materials, information and publication Directorate. CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. II, 1996.

Geeta Kharkwal and Poonam Mehrotra. Taxonomic diversity of undetstory vegetation in kumsun Himalayan forests. J. Am. Sci., 2009, 5, 1-5.

Aggarwal, V.D. and Kang, M.S., Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in horse gram (Dolichos Biflorus L.) Trop. Agri., 1976, 53, 335-340.

Ganeshaiah, K.N., Multivariate analysis for yield and its contributing characters in horse gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) Mysore J. Agri. Sci., 1980, 14, 125.

Shivsankar, G.H., Jalikot, S.H., Chikkadevialo and Sheltar, B.I., Heritability and correlation studies in Horse gram (Dolichos biflorus Sun, Dolichos biflorus B.I.O) Mysore J. Agri. Sci., 1997, 11, 211-214.

Gibson, D. and Pain, A., Crops of the drier regions of the tropics, Longman publication, London, 1985, 114.

Brink, M., Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lara.) Verd. In: Brink M, Belay G (eds) PROTA 1: cereals and pulses. PROTA, Wageningen, 2006.

Savitharajmma, D.L., Shanmulingappa, K.G. and Rao, M.G., Evaluation of horse gram germplasm. J. Curr. Res., 1990, 19, 150-153.

Jeswani, L.M. and Baldev, B., Advances in pulse production technology. Published by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Ansandhan Bhavan, PUSA, New Delhi. 1990, 112.

Prakash, B.G., Guled, M.B. and Bhosale, A.M., Identification of suitable horse gram varieties for northern dry zone of Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci., 1990, 21, 234-239.

Blumenthal, M.J.O., Rourke, P.K., Hilder, T.B. and Williams, R.J., Classification of the Australian collection of the legume Macrotyloma. Austral. J. Agri. Res., 1984, 40, 591-604.

Bluementhal, M.J. and Staples, LB., (1993) Origin, evaluation and use of Macrotyloma as forage. A Review. Trop. Grasslands. 1993, 29, 16-29.

Odunze, A.C, Iwauafor, E.N.O. and Chude, V.O., Maize/herbaceous legume inter-crops and soil properties in the northern Guinea Savanna zone, Nigeria. J. Sus. Agri., 2002, 20, 15-24.

Muniyappa, V., Rajeshwari, R., Bharathan, N, Reddy, D.V.R. and Nolt, B.L., Isolation and characterization of a Gemini virus causing yellow mosaic disease of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde.) in India. J. Phytopathol., 2008, 119, 81-87.

Sodani, S.N., Palliwal, R.V. and Jain, L.K., Proceeding of National symposium on arid legumes for sustainable agriculture and trade (Central arid zone research institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India), 2004, 5-7.

Sreerama, Y.N., Vadakkoot, B.S. and Vishwas, M.P., Variability in the distribution of phenolic compounds in milled fractions of chickpea and horse gram: evaluation of their antioxidant properties. J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 2010, 58, 8322-8330.

Borhade, V.P., Kadam, S.S. and Salunkhe, D.K., Solubilization and functional properties of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Uacq.) Marechal and horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde. Proteins. J. Fd. Biochem., 2007, 8, 29-235.

Gopalan, C, Rama Shastri, B.V. and Balasubramanian, S.C., Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, NIN, India, 1989.

Virk, D.S., Chakraborty, M., Ghosh, J. and Harris, D., Participatory evaluation of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) varieties and their on-station responses to on-form seed priming in eastern India. Exptl. Agri., 2006, 42, 411-425.

Arts, I.C. and Hollman, P.C., Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81 , S317-S325.

Rons Tsao and Zeyuan Deng. Separation procedures for naturally occurring antioxidant phytochemicals. J. Chro. B., 2004, 812, 8599.

Sies, H., Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants, Exptl. Phys., 1997, 82, 291-295.

Halliwal, B., Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. Nutr. Rev., 1997, 55, S44-S49.

Tsuda, T., Ohshima, K., Kawakishi, S. andOsawa, T., Antioxidative pigments isolated from the seed of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 1994, 42, 248-51.

Cardador-Martinez, A., Loarca-Pina, G. and Oomah, B.D., Antioxidant activity in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Agri. Fd. Chem., 2002, 50, 6975-80.

Thomasset, S.C., Berry, D.P., Garcea, G., Marczylo, T., Steward, W.P. and Gescher, A.L. Dietary poly phenolic phytochemicals - Promising cancer chemo preventive agents in humans? A review of their clinical properties. Int. J. Cancer, 2007, 120, 451-458.

Gupta, S. and Abu-Ghannam, N. Probiotic fermentation of plant based products: possibilities and opportunities. Cri. Rev. Fd .Sci. Nutr., 2012, 52, 183-199.

Marathe, S.A., Rajalakshmi, V., Jamdar, S.N. and Sharma, A. Comparative study on antioxidant activity of different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in India. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49, 2005-2012.

Rufus Auxilia, L., Rachel Regi Daniel and Shenbagarathai, R. Phytochemical analysis of seed extracts Macrotyloma uniflorum (Horse gram) Int. J. Curr. Res., 2013, 5, 3339-3342.

Ramesh, C.K., Abdul Rehman, Prabhakar, B.T., Vijay Avin, B.R. and Aditya Rao, S.J., Antioxidant potentials in sprouts vs seeds of Vigna radiate and Macrotyloma uniflorum. J. Appl. Phar. Sci., 2011, 1, 99-103.

Handa, G., Singh, J., Nandi, L.N., Sharma, M.L. and Kaul, A., Pyroglutaminyl glutamine - a new diuretic principle from Dolichos biflorus seeds. Ind. J. Chem., 1990, 29, 1156-1158.

Perumal Sidduraju and Sellamuthu Manian. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of dietary phenolic extracts from horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde.) seeds. Fd. Chem., 2007, 105, 950-958.

Asp, N.G., Van Melsvoort, J.M.M. and Hautvast, J.G.A.J., Nutritional implications of resistant starch. Nutr. Res. Rev., 1996, 9, 1-31.

Kadam, S.S. and Salunkhe, D.K., Nutritional composition, processing and utilization of horse gram and moth bean, Crit. Rev. Fd. Sci. Nutr., 1985, 22, 1-26.

Mubarak, A.E., Nutritional composition and anti nutritional factors of mung bean seeds (Phaseolus aureus) as affected by some home traditional processes. Fd. Chem., 2005, 89, 489-495.

Reddy, N.R., Pierson, M.D., Sathe, S.K. and Salunikhe, D.K., Dry bean tannins-a review of nutritional implications. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 1985, 62, 541-549.

Urbano, G., Lopez-Jurado, M., Aranda, P., Vidal-Valverde, C, Tenoriao, E. and Porres, J., The role of phytic acid in legumes: anti nutrient or beneficial function. J. Phyl Biochem., 2000, 56, 283-294.

Udensi, E.A., Ekwu, F.C. and Isinguzo, J.N., Anti nutrient factors of vegetable cowpea (Sesquipedalis) seeds during thermal processing. Pak. J. Nutr., 2007, 6, 194-197.

Bravo, L., Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nutr. Rev., 1999, 56, 317-333a

Walker, R.A.J., The use of lectins in histology and histopathology - review In: Lectinsbiology, biochemistry, chemical biochemistry, Vol.6 (Eds) Freed, D and Hansen T.C. Sigma Library, 1988.

Singh, U., Anti nutritional factors of chick pea and pigeon pea and their removal by processing. Fd. Hum. Nutr., 1998, 38, 251-261.

Chau, C.F., Cheung, P.C. and Wong, Y.S., Effect of cooking on content of amino acids and anti nutrients in three Chinese indigenous legume seeds, J. Sci. Fd. Agri., 1997, 75, 447-452.

Bhokre, C, Ghatge, P.U., Machewad, G. and Rodge, A., Studies on preparation of buns fortified with germinated horse gram flour. Open Access Scien. Rep., 2012, 2, 127.

Savithri, A. and Rao, M., Influence of season on roti making and popping qualities of high yielding sorghum varieties. J. Fd. Sci. Technol., 1995, 22, 64-65.

Arora, R.K., Plant diversity in Indian gene center. In: Paroda Rs and Arora Rk (eds). Plant genetic resources conservation and management concept and approaches. IBPGR Regioanl Office for South Delhi. 1991, 25-54.

Sreerama, Y.N., Sasikala, V.B. and Pratape, V.M., Nutritional implications and flour functionality of popped/expanded horse gram. Fd. Chem., 2008, 108, 891-899.

Joshi, A.R. and Joshi, K., Indigenous knowledge and uses of medicinal plants by local communities of the Kali-Gandaki watershed area, Nepal. J. Ethnophar., 2000, 73, 175-183.

Ragupathy, S., Stevan, N.G., Maruthakkutti, M., Velusamy, B. and Ul-Huda, M.M., Consensus of the 'Malasars' traditional aboriginal knowledge of medicinal plants in the Vellangiri holy hills, India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 2008, 4, 1-8.

Balakrishnan, A. and Kokilavani, R., Influence of cucumis trignonus R. fruit extract on biochemical parameters in urolithiasis induced wistar albino rats. Elixir Int. J. App. Bot, 2012, 42, 6209-6212.

Hari Kumar, Ramesh, A., Suresh Kumar, J.N. and Mohammed Ishaq, B., A review on hepato protective activity of medicinal plants. Int. J. Phr. Sci. Res., 2011, 2, 501-515.

Laskar, S., Bhattacharyya, U.K., Sinhababy, A. and Basak, B.K., Antihepatotoxic activity of kulthi (Dolichos biflorus) seed in rats, Fitoterapia, 1998, 69, 401-402.

Achaya, K.T., A historical dictionary of Indian Food. Oxford University Press, Delhi, India, 1998, 347.

Ghani, A., Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh with chemical constituents and use, 2nd Edn. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Dhaka. 2003, 603.

Femina, D., Lakshmipriya, P., Subha, S. and Manonmani, R., Allopathic effect of weed (Tridax procumbens L.) Extract on seed germination and seedling growth of some leguminous plant, Int. J. Phar., 2012, 3, 90-95.

Narayanaswamy, V., Origin and development of Ayurveda (A brief history). Anc. Sci. Life, 1981, 1, 1-7.

Chopra, R.N., Nair, S.L. and Chopra, I.C., In: Glossary of Indian medicinal plants: 353. CSIR, New Delhi, 1958.

Prabhakar, Y.S. and Suresh Kumar, D., A survey of cardio active drug formulations from ayurveda: porridges, oils, clarified butters, electuaries, pastes, ash preparations and calcined powders, Fitoterapia, 1990, 61, 95-416.

Vaidhya and Bapalal, G., Nighantu Adarsa (Purvardha), Chaukhambha Vidhya Bhawan, Varanasi, 1968, 374.

Phondani, P.C., Maiknuri, R.K., Rawat, L.S., Farooquee, N.A., Kala C.P., Vishwakarma, S.C.R., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G., Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the Bhotiyal tribal communities of Niti valley in Central Himalaya, India. Ethnobot. Res. Appl, 2010, 18, 233-244.

Sonawane, V.B., Saler, R.S., Sonawane, M.D. and Kadam, V.B., Ethno botanical studies of Mokhada district, Thane. Internat. J. Life Sci. Pharm. Res., 2012, 2, 88-93.

Archana Singh, Navneeth Satanker, Muneesh Kushwaha, Rajni Disoriya and Gupta, A.K., Ethnobotany and uses of non graminaceous forage species of Chitrakoot region of Madhya Pradesh. Ind. J. Natural Prod. Res., 2013, 4, 425-431.

Seetharani Reddy, T.V.V., Suneetha, J., Prasanthi, S. and Ratnarao Naidu, B.V.A., Ethnomedicinal uses of plants as nephroprotectors by the folklores of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India., Trop. Medi. Plants, 2009, 10, 257-265.

Laxmi H. Gupta, Sachin L. Badole, Subhash L. Badhankar and Sushma G. Subharwal, Antidiabetic potential of amylase inhibitor from the seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. Phar. Biol, 2011, 49, 182-189.

Sarmistha Saha, Ramtej J. Verma., Efficacy study of Dolichos biflorus in the management of nephrotoxicity. A. Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2012, 2, S1471-1476.

Ishwar Dass, S.K., Guptaa., Shoeb, A., Ansaria, Pandeyb, V.N. and Rastogic, R.P., In vitro inhibition and dissolution of calcium oxalate by edible plant Trianthema monogyna and pulse Macrotyloma uniflorum extracts. J. Cry. Gro., 2005, 273, 546-554.

Unnati Atodariya, Roshni Barad, Siddhi Upadhyay and Umesh Upadhyay. Anti-urolithiatic activity of Dolichos biflorus seeds. J. Pharmaco. Phytochem., 2013, 2, 209-213.

Sreelakshmi, S.G., Avitaand, S.R. and Murugan, K., Effect of Horse Gram (L.) on the growth, hematological parameters, bio molecules and lipid profile in Albino Rats, Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 2011, 2, 589-594.

Muthu, A., Kottai, Sethupathy, S, Manavalan, R. and Kara, P.K., Antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus Linn in high fat diet fed rabbits. Ind. J. Phar., 2006, 38, 13-22.

Menaka, C. and Mary Helitha, A. Role of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds in hyperlipidaemic models of wister albino rats. Int. J. Mod. Res. Rev., 2013, 1, 35-43.

Rufus, L. Auxilia., Mowna, T., Sundari and Rachel Regi Daniel. Molecular docking studies of dolichin A and B, pterocarpans from horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) against HIV replication enzymes. Int. J. Com. Appl., 2013, 75, 19-23.

Mamatha Rao. Legumes in India. Appliation in Food, Medicine and Industry. Ana Books India, 2008, 472-473.

Benjamin, J., Levine, J., Fux, M. et. al., Double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am. J. Psy., 1995, 152, 1084-1086.

Thangavelu Muthukumar, Rethinan, Senthil and Totapalli Parvathaleswara Sastry. Synthesis and characterization of biosheet impregnanted with Macrotyloma unifromn. Coll. Sur. B: Bioiniterfaces, 2013, 102, 694-699.

Gupta, S.K., Sharma, P.K. and Ansari, S.H., Antimicrobial activity of Dolichos biflorus seeds, Ind. J. Nat. Pro., 2005, 21, 20-21.