Higher Consumption of Dietary Sodium than RDA among the Patients of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension in the City of Aligarh: A Hospital-Based Study
Authors
-
Department of Home Science ,IN
Roshina Bano
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-5725
-
Department of Home Science ,INAnisa M. Durrani
-
Department of Medicine, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202 002 ,INAjmal M.R.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21048/IJND.2024.61.2.41944Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, salt, sodium, sugar, RDA, HbA1c% LevelAbstract
In India, about 72.9 million and 317 million people are experiencing diabetes and hypertension, respectively. High consumption of dietary sodium significantly contributes to the rise of these two epidemics. The main objective of the study is to assess the mean intake dietary sodium on the basis of their RDA among the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetes with hypertension (T2DM*HTN) and only hypertension (HTN).The ethically approved hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 320 patients of type 2 diabetes and hypertension aged 20 years and older. Dietary sodium intake of patients was assessed using three days of 24-h dietary recall. Out of 320 samples, approximately 31.3, 50.0 and 19% of patients had only type 2 diabetes (T2DM), only hypertension (HTN) and diabetes with hypertension (T2DM*HTN) respectively. Mean age was found to be 47.6 ± 1.07; 55.8 ± 1.1 and 54.5 ± 1.1 years. Mean HbA1c% level of T2DM and T2DM*HTN were 8.6 ± 0.2% and 8.2 ± 0.1% respectively. Mean systolic and diastolic BP of T2DM*HTN and HTN was 136.5 ± 3.4 and 92.0 ± 2.6 mmHg; 145.8 ± 2.1 and 91.5 ± 1.1 mmHg respectively. Overall total calories intake among T2DM, HTN and T2DM*HTN were 1547 ± 600, 1612 ± 491 and 1471 ± 517 kcal/d respectively. Moreover, sodium intake was 2059 ± 916 mg/d, 2151 ± 986 mg/d and 1976 ± 667 mg/d respectively indicating 103, 165 and 107% of RDA with the significantly higher intake reported by male T2DM than female (p < .05).Thus, high sodium diet was consumed by all the patients with T2DM, HTN and T2DM*HTN. Dietary sodium intake is more elevated in diabetic hypertensive compared to others. Thus, additional studies are required to elucidate the association of dietary sodium intake with glycemic control and hypertension.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Roshina Bano, Anisa M. Durrani, Ajmal M.R.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All the articles published in IJND are distributed under a creative commons license. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright of their work (all usages allowed except for commercial purpose).
Please contact us at editor@informaticsglobal.com for permissions related to commercial use of the article(s).
Accepted 2024-04-18
Published 2024-06-11
References
World Health Organization. Non-communicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva (CH): License CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO2018.
International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edition, Brussels Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017.
Fox, C.S., Golden, S.H., Anderson, C., Bray, G.A., Burke, L.E., De Boer, I.H. and Inzucchi, S.E. American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardio-metabolic Health; Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; American Diabetes Association. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Care, 2015, 38, 1777-1803.
De Boer, I.H., Bangalore, S., Benetos, A., Davis, A.M., Michos, E.D., Muntner, P. and Bakris, G. Diabetes and hypertension: A position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 2017, 40, 1273-1284.
Mohan, V., Seedat, Y.K. and Pradeepa, R. The rising burden of diabetes and hypertension in Southeast Asian and African regions: Need for effective strategies for prevention and control in primary health care settings. Int. J. Hyperten., 2013, 2013, 409083-409083.
Shah, A. and Afzal, M. Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and association with various risk factors among different Muslim populations of Manipur, India. J. Diabet. Metabol. Disord., 2013, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-52
Afshin, A., Sur, P.J., Fay, K.A., Cornaby, L., Ferrara, G., Salama, J.S. and Afarideh, M. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 2019, 393, 1958-1972.
Grillo, A., Salvi, L., Coruzzi, P., Salvi, P. and Parati, G. Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutr., 2019, 11, 1970.
Whelton, P.K. and He, J. Health effects of sodium and potassium in humans. Curr. Opinion. Lipidol., 2014, 25, 75-79.
Kumbla, D., Dharmalingam, M., Dalvi, K., Ray, S., Shah, M.K., Gupta, S. and Murugan, M.A. A study of salt and fat consumption pattern in regional Indian diet among hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients-SCRIPT study. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2016, 64, 47-54.
World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of non communicable diseases 2013-2020, 2013.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4· 4 million participants. The Lancet, 2016, 387, 1513-1530.
Horikawa, C. and Sone, H. Dietary salt intake and diabetes complications in patients with diabetes: An overview. J. General. Family Med., 2017, 18, 16-20.
American Diabetes Association. Lifestyle management: Standards of medical care in diabetes- 2019. Diabetes care, 2019, 42, S46-S60.
Evert, A.B., Boucher, J.L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S.A., Franz, M.J., Mayer-Davis, E.J. and Yancy, W.S. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes care, 2014, 37, S120-S143
ICMR. Guidelines for Management of Type 2 Diabetes; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 2018.
National Family Health Survey 2015-2016, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) Government of India. Available at: http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf
Singh, A. and Masuku, M. Sampling techniques and determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. IJECM.Co.Uk, 2014, 11, 1-22. Retrieved from http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/21131.pd
Garrow, J.S. and Webster, J. Quetelets index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int. J. Obes., 1985, 9, 147-53.
Indian Consensus Group. Indian consensus for prevention of hypertension and coronary heart disease. A joint scientific statement of Indian Society of Hypertension and International College of Nutrition. J. Nutr. Environ. Med., 1996, 6, 309-318.
Longvah, T., Ananthan, R., Bhaskarachary, K. and Venkaiah, K. Indian Food Composition Tables. (T. Longvah, Ed.). Hyderabad, India: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2017.
Kaur, G. Diet cal: A tool for dietary assessment and planning; software version 8: Profound, 2017.
Definition, W.H.O. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006, 3.
American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes care, 2017, 40, S11-S24.
James, P.A., Oparil, S., Carter, B.L., Cushman, W.C., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C., Handler, J., Lackland, D.T., Lefevre, M.L., Mackenzie, T.D., Ogedegbe, O., Smith Jr, S.C., Svetkey, L.P., Taler, S.J., Townsend, R.R., Wright Jr, J.T., Narva, A.S. and Ortiz, E. 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint national committee (JNC 8), Practice Guideline (JAMA)., 2014, 1097, 507-520. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427
Nair, A., Jayakumari, C., Jabbar, P.K., Jayakumar, R.V., Raizada, N., Gopi, A. and Seena, T.P. Prevalence and associations of hypothyroidism in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Thyroid Res., 2018, 2018, 5386129
Maniarasu, K. and Muthunarayanan, L. Prevalence of certain chronic complications of diabetes among type 2 diabetic patients in rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu-a cross sectional study. Int. J. Med. Public Health, 2017, 7, 41-76.
Yamakawa, T., Sakamoto, R., Takahashi, K., Suzuki, J., Matuura-Shinoda, M., Takahashi, M. and Kawata, T. Dietary survey in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and the influence of dietary carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin: The Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa study. J. Diabet. Investig., 2019, 10, 309-317.
Berraho, M., El Achhab, Y., Benslimane, A., Rhazi, K.E., Chikri, M. and Nejjari, C. Hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study in Morocco (EPIDIAM Study). Pan Afr. Med. J., 2012, 11, 52.
Abejew, A.A., Belay, A.Z. and Kerie, M.W. Diabetic complications among adult diabetic patients of a tertiary hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. Advances in Public Health, 2015, 2015, 1-8.
Dhelma, S. and Varma, K. Salt intake in India- an alarming situation. Int. J. Food Agric. Vet. Sci., 2015, 5, 1-10.
Johnson, C., Mohan, S., Rogers, K., Shivashankar, R., Thout, S.R., Gupta, P. and Maulik, P.K. Mean dietary salt intake in urban and rural areas in India: A population survey of 1395 persons. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2017, 6, e004547.
Kumbla, D., Dharmalingam, M., Dalvi, K., Ray, S., Shah, M.K., Gupta, S. and Murugan, M.A. A Study of salt and fat consumption pattern in regional Indian diet among hypertensive and dyslipidemic Patients-SCRIPT study. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2016, 64, 47-54.
Bhansali, A., Dhandania, V.K., Deepa, M., Anjana, R.M., Joshi, S.R., Joshi, P.P. and Unnikrishnan, R. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural India: The ICMR-INDIAB study. J. Human Hypert., 2015, 29, 204-209.
Kang, M.S., Kim, C.H., Jeong, S.J. and Park, T.S. Dietary sodium intake in people with diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010. Diabet. Metabol. J., 2016, 40, 290-296.
Thewjitcharoen, Y., Chotwanvirat, P., Jantawan, A., Siwasaranond, N., Saetung, S., Nimitphong, H. and Reutrakul, S. Evaluation of dietary intakes and nutritional knowledge in thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Diabet. Res., 2018, 2018, 9152980.
Ravi, S., Bermudez, O.I., Harivanzan, V., Chui, K.H.K., Vasudevan, P., Must, A. and Thanikachalam, M. Sodium intake, blood pressure, and dietary sources of sodium in an adult South Indian population. Ann. Global Health, 2016, 82, 234-242.
