Conventional Therapeutic Drugs and Traditional Herbal Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19): An Update

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Department of Neurology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah – 206130, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah – 206130, Uttar Pradesh ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2020/25720

Keywords:

Diagnosis, Conventional Drugs, Traditional Herbal Medicine, COVID-19
Prevention and Treatment of Novel Corona

Abstract

Background: Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to developing severe acute respiratory disease originated from Wuhan, China, and further spread rapidly all over the world except very few counties. On 30th January 2020, The WHO confirmed the epidemic as a community health crisis all over world. No drug was approved for treatment but some conventional and traditional medicinal plants are being used against COVID-19 infections. Objective: The present review is to illustrate current updates on conventional and traditional herbal medicine used for deterrent and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Search engines like Scopus, Pubmed, and World Health Organization (WHO) literature on current advances about novel coronavirus (COVID-19) were reviewed. Discussion and Conclusion: Current research data indicated that the outbreaks caused by SARS MERS and COVID-19 have produced substantial community health problems. Currently, there are no vaccines for prevention or specific treatments however it can be managed by using oxygen therapy, convalescent plasma therapy, antimalarial drugs, and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. Many traditional herbal and Chinese medicines may be useful.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Published

2021-01-13

How to Cite

Yadav, R., & Chand Yadav, Y. (2021). Conventional Therapeutic Drugs and Traditional Herbal Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19): An Update. Journal of Natural Remedies, 20(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2020/25720

Issue

Section

Short Review
Received 2020-07-19
Accepted 2020-09-16
Published 2021-01-13

 

References

Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020; 12(2):E135. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020135. PMid:31991541 PMCid:PMC7077245

Burki TK. Coronavirus in China. Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S22132600(20)30056-4

World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020; 2020.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; S0140-6736(0120):30183–5.

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974

World Health Organization COVID-19 Corona virus Pandemic [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020; S0140-6736(0120):30154–9.

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):507–13. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7

Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR. Homology-based identification of a mutation in the coronavirus RNAdependent RNA polymerase that confers resistance to multiple mutagens. Journal of Virology. 2016; 90(16):7415–28. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00080-16. PMid:27279608 PMCid:PMC4984655

Emery SL, Erdman DD, Bowen MD et al. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARSassociated coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004; 10:311–16. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.030759. PMid:15030703 PMCid:PMC3322901

Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC et al. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010; 48:2940–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/ JCM.00636-10. PMid:20554810 PMCid:PMC2916580

Jan H, Faisal S, Khan A, Khan S, Usman H, Liaqat R, et al. COVID-19: Review of epidemiology and potential treatments against 2019 novel coronavirus. Discoveries (Craiova). 2020; 26; 8(2):e108. https://doi.org/10.15190/d.2020.5. PMid:32377559 PMCid:PMC7199242

Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC. Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. Science. 2005; 309 (5742):1864–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116480. PMid:16166518

Wang, Wu Q, Xu W, Qiao B, Wang J, Zheng H, et al. Clinical diagnosis of 8274 samples with 2019-novel coronavirus in Wuhan. medRxiv preprint; 2020. p. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.20022327

Symptoms of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC [Internet]. (cited 2020 Mar 18). Available from: www.cdc.gov. 2020.

WHO Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO. Health topic/Corona virus; 2020.

Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 87(4):281–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6. PMid:32166607 PMCid:PMC7090728

Emery SL, Erdman DD, Bowen MD, Newton BR, Winchell JM, Meyer RF, et al. Real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction assay for SARS- associated coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004; 10:311–16. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.030759. PMid:15030703 PMCid:PMC3322901

Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC, Simmonds P, Templeton KE. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010; 48:2940–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00636-10. PMid:20554810 PMCid:PMC2916580

Ip VHY, Sondekoppam RV, Ozelsel TJP, Tsui BCH Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: International variation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) guidelines. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2020; 10(1213):1–6.

Whittle JS, Pavlov I, Sacchetti AD, Atwood C, Rosenberg MS. Respiratory support for adult patients with COVID19. JACEP Open; 2020. p. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ emp2.12071. PMid:32427171 PMCid:PMC7228246

Yoo JH. Convalescent plasma therapy for corona virus disease 2019: A long way to go but worth trying. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020 Apr 13; 35(14):e150. https:// doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e150. PMid:32281318 PMCid:PMC7152529

Al-Bari MAA. Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. 2017; 5(1):e00293 https://doi.org/10.1002/ prp2.293. PMid:28596841 PMCid:PMC5461643

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research. 2020; 30(3):269–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41422-020-0282-0. PMid:32020029 PMCid:PMC7054408

Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020; 3:10. 1001. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204. PMid:32125362 PMCid:PMC7054855

Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial Virological and Clinical Findings. Thorax. 2004; 59(3):252–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.012658. PMid:14985565 PMCid:PMC1746980

Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020; 92(5):479–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707. PMid:32052466 PMCid:PMC7166986

Lee N, Chan KCA, Hui DS, Ng EK, Wu A, Chiu RW, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARSassociated Coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2004; 31(4):304–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.07.006. PMid:15494274 PMCid:PMC7108318

Ferrey AJ, Choi G, Hanna RM, Chang Y, Tantisattamo E, Ivaturi K, et al. A case of novel coronavirus disease 19 in a chronic hemodialysis patient presenting with gastroenteritis and developing severe pulmonary disease. American Journal of Nephrology. 2020; 28:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507417. PMid:32222713 PMCid:PMC7179539

Hu W, Fu W, Wei X, Yang Y, Lu C, Liu Z. A network pharmacology study on the active ingredients and potential targets of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019; 5276865:1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2019/5276865. PMid:31118961 PMCid:PMC6500618

Zhang W, Huai Y, Miao Z, Qian A, Wang Y. Systems pharmacology for investigation of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine in drug discovery. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019; 10(9743):1–6. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00743. PMid:31379563 PMCid:PMC6657703

Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, Li Y, Xin C. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A review and perspective. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020; 16:1708– 17. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45538. PMid:32226288 PMCid:PMC7098036

Zhang H, Chen Q, Zhou W, Gao S, Lin H, Ye S, et al. Chinese medicine injection shuanghuanglian for treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. EvidenceBased Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013; 2013:987326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/987326. PMid:23606893 PMCid:PMC3625553

Ma Q, Yu Q, Xing X, Liu S, Shi C, Luo J, San Wu. Huangqin decoction, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits influenza a/ PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Viruses. 2018; 10(3):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10030117. PMid:29522425 PMCid:PMC5869510

Ding Y, Zeng L, Li R, Chen Q, Zhou B, Chen Q, et al. The Chinese prescription Lianhua qingwen capsule exerts anti influenza activity through the inhibition of viral propagation and impacts immune function. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2107; 17:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12906-017-1585-7. PMid:28235408 PMCid:PMC5324200

Du H, Zhou H, Wan H, Yang J, Lu Y, He Y, Wan H. Antiviral effects and mechanisms of Yinhuapinggan granule against H1N1 influenza virus infection in RAW264.7 cells. Inflammopharmacology. 2018; 26(6):1455–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0457-1. PMid:29502306

Liu D, Liang B, Huang L, Fang Y, Zheng J, Wang G, et al. Clinical observation on the preventive effect of kangdu bufei decoction on acute severe respiratory syndrome. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine. 2004, 24:685–8.

Tong X, Li A, Zhang Z, Duan J, Chen X, Hua C, et al. TCM treatment of infectious atypical pneumonia--a report of 16 cases. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2004; 24(4):266–9.

Liu B, He L, Liang Z, Tong X, Hu J, Ni Q, et al. Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on adrenal glucocorticoids in SARS. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 2005; 30(23):1874–7.

Hai X. Clinical experience of SARS treatment in Guangdong province. Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese. 2003; 20(3):24–5.

Jia J. Traditional Chinese Medicine integrated western medicine for SARS. Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese. 2003; 20(3):28–30.

Liu LS, Lei N, Lin Q, Wang WL, Yan HW, Duan XH. The effects mechanism of Yinqiao powder on upper respiratory tract infection. International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries. 2015; 4:57–60. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-3037.2015.04.02.2

Fu YJ, Yan YQ, Qin HQ, Wu S, Shi SS, Zheng X, et al. Effects of different principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment on TLR7/NF-κB signaling pathway in influenza virus infected mice. Chinese Medical Journal. 2018; 13:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0199-4. PMid:30151032 PMCid:PMC6102858

Lau JT, Leung PC, Wong EL, Fong C, Cheng KF, Zhang SC, et al. The use of an herbal formula by hospital care workers during the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Hong Kong to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission, relieve influenza-related symptoms, and improve quality of life: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2005; 11:49–55.

https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2005.11.49. PMid:15750363

Du CY, Zheng KY, Bi CW, Dong TT, Lin H, Tsim KW. Yu Ping Feng San, an ancient Chinese herbal decoction, induces gene expression of anti-viral proteins and inhibits neuraminidase activity. Phytotherapy Research. 2015; 29:656–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5290. PMid:25586308

Gao J, Li J, Shao X, Jin Y, Lu XW, Ge JF, et al. Antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of total glucosides of Yupingfeng powder. Chinese Medical Journal (Engl). 2009; 122:1636–41.

Poon PM, Wong CK, Fung KP, Fong CY, Wong EL, Lau JT, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of a traditional Chinese medicine with potential antiviral activity: a self-control study. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2006; 34:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X0600359X. PMid:16437735

Dong L, Xia JW, Gong Y, Chen Z, Yang H-H, Zhang J, et al. Effect of Lianhuaqingwen capsules on airway inflammation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 2014:1– 11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/637969. PMid:24971150 PMCid:PMC4058171

Gao Y, Fang L, Cai R, Zong C, Chen X, Lu J, et al. ShuangHuang-Lian exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities in lipopolysaccharide- stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21:461–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.022. PMid:24192210

Xiao GL, Song K, Yuan CJ, et al. A literature report on the treatment of SARS by stages with traditional Chinese medicine. J Emerg Chin Med Hunan. 2005: 53-5.

Bao L, J M. Research progress of Da Yuan Yin on the treatment of infectious diseases. Emerg Tradit Chin Med. 2010; 2:263– 87.

Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2013; 1830:3670–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008. PMid:23428572 PMCid:PMC3672862

Luo W, Su X, Gong S, Qin Y, Liu W, Li J, et al. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Rheum palmatum L. extracts. BioScience Trends. 2009; 3.

Fung KP, Leung PC, Tsui KW, Wan CC, Wong KB, Waye MY, et al. Immunomodulatory activities of the herbal formula Kwan Du Bu Fei Dang in healthy subjects: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2011; 17 Suppl 2:41–3.

Lau KM, Lee KM, Koon CM, Cheung CS, Lau CP, Ho HM, et al. Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 118:79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.018. PMid:18479853 PMCid:PMC7126383

Gong SJ, Su XJ, Yu HP, Li J, Qin YJ, Xu Q, et al. A study on anti-SARS-CoV 3CL protein of flavonoids from litchi chinensis sonn core. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin. 2008; 24:699–700.

Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Lai CC, Wan L, Ho TY, et al. Anti-SARS coronavirus 57. 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antiviral Research. 2005; 68:36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002. PMid:16115693 PMCid:PMC7114321

Nguyen TTH, Woo HJ, Kang HK, Nguyen VD, Kim YM, Kim DW, et al. Flavonoid-mediated inhibition of SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease expressed in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnology Letters. 2012; 34:831–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0845-8. PMid:22350287 PMCid:PMC7087583

Jo S, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim M-S. Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2020; 35:145–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1690480 PMid:31724441 PMCid:PMC6882434

Jo S, Kim H, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim MS. Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS CoV 3Clike protease inhibitors. Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13604. PMid:31436895 PMCid:PMC7162010

Yu MS, Lee J, Lee JM, Kim Y, Chin YW, Jee JG, et al. Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2012; 22:4049–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.081. PMid:22578462 PMCid:PMC7127438

Wu CY, Jan JT, Ma SH, Kuo CJ, Juan HF, Cheng YSE, et al. Small molecules targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004; 101:10012–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403596101. PMid:15226499 PMCid:PMC454157