Conspectus of SARS-CoV-2 - In India

Jump To References Section

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2023/29733

Keywords:

Covid 19, SARS Cov2, Viral

Abstract

COVID-19 has created much concern among general public, policy makers and especially heath care workers. The reason is not one but varied such as anxiety, fear, compromised health, isolation, economic crisis and social stigma all of which leads to psychological stress. The disease became a global concern due to unmanageable death even in much developed countries. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID -19) is a newly discovered disease caused by coronavirus which reside both in humans and animals. The article is a detailed review from the origin of the disease, its progression in India and its various other aspects.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Published

2023-03-23

How to Cite

Murali, P., Prabhakar, M., Sekar, R., & Sivapathasundharam, B. (2023). Conspectus of SARS-CoV-2 - In India. Journal of Natural Remedies, 23(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2023/29733

Issue

Volume 23, Issue 1, January 2023

Section

Short Review

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Preethi Murali, Manoj Prabhakar, Ramya S, sivapathasundharam B

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Received 2022-03-06
Accepted 2023-01-10
Published 2023-03-23

 

References

Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021; 19(3):141-154. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7

Sivapathasundharam B, Gururaj N, Ranganathan K. Viral infections. In: Sivapathasundharam B, Adaptation editor. Shafers Textbook of Oral pathology. 9th ed. India: Elsevier. 2021; p. 327.

Wu Y, Ho W, Huang Y, Jin DY, Li S, Liu SL, Zheng ZM. SARS-CoV-2 is an appropriate name for the new coronavirus. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10228):949-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30557-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30557-2

Alexander E Gorbalenya, Susan C Baker, Ralph S Baric, Raoul Jnde Groot, Christian Drosten, Anastasia A Gulyaeva, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature Microbiology. 2020; 5(4):536. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z

Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019; 17(3):181-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018- 0118-9

Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza a respiratory viruses. Frontiers in immunology. 2020; 11:2309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909

Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time.The Lancet infectious diseases. 2020; 20(5):533-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1

Anand S, Mayya YS. Size distribution of virus laden droplets from expiratory ejecta of infected subjects. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1):1-9. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-020-78110-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78110-x

Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021; 19(3):141-154. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7

V’kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021; 19(3):155-170. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020- 00468-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6

Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C. Hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses. Advances in virus research. 2018; 100:163-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.001

Gorbalenya AE, Enjuanes L, Ziebuhr J, Snijder EJ. Nidovirales: evolving the largest RNA virus genome. Virus research. 2006; 117(1):17-37. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.017

Chiara M, D’Erchia AM, Gissi C, Manzari C, Parisi A, Resta N, Pesole G. Next generation sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 genomes: challenges, applications and opportunities. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021; 22(2):616-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa297

Zeng W, Liu G, Ma H, Zhao D, Yang Y, Liu M, Jin T. Biochemical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2020; 527(3):618-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.136

Yurkovetskiy L, Wang X, Pascal K. E, Tomkins-Tinch C, Nyalile TP, Wang Y, Luban J. Structural and functional analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant. Cell. 2020; 183(3):739-751. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.032

Ye Q, West AM, Silletti S, Corbett KD. Architecture and self‐assembly of the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein. Protein Science. 2020; 29(9):1890-1901. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3909

Perdikari TM, Murthy AC, Ryan VH, Watters S, Naik MT, Fawzi NL. SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein phase‐separates with RNA and with human hnRNPs. The EMBO Journal. 2020; 39(24):e106478. https:// doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106478

Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, Robertson DL. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021; 19(7):409-424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0

Koyama T, Platt D, Parida L. Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2020; 98(7):495. https://doi. org/10.2471/BLT.20.253591 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.253591

Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O’Toole A, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, Pybus, OG. A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. Nature microbiology. 2020; 5(11):1403- 1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5

Karia R, Gupta I, Khandait H, Yadav A, Yadav, A. COVID-19 and its Modes of Transmission. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020; 1-4. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00498-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00498-4

Rahman HS, Aziz MS, Hussein RH, Othman HH, Omer SHS, Khalid ES, Abdullah R. The transmission modes and sources of COVID-19: A systematic review. International Journal of Surgery Open. 2020; 26:125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2020.08.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2020.08.017

Perl SH, Uzan-Yulzari A, Klainer H, Asiskovich L, Youngster M, Rinott E, Youngster I. SARS-CoV-2- Specific Antibodies in Breast Milk After COVID-19 Vaccination of Breastfeeding Women. Jama. 2021; 325(19):2013-2014. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2021.5782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5782

Iftimie S, Lopez-Azcona AF, Vallverdu I, Hernandez-Flix S, De Febrer G, Parra S, Castro A. First and second waves of coronavirus disease-19: A comparative study in hospitalized patients in Reus, Spain. PloS one 2021; 16(3):e0248029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0248029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.10.20246959

Pedro SA, Ndjomatchoua FT, Jentsch P, Tchuenche JM, Anand M, Bauch CT. Conditions for a second wave of COVID-19 due to interactions between disease dynamics and social processes. Frontiers in Physics. 2020; 8:428. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fphy.2020.574514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.574514

Thorlund K, Dron L, Park J, Hsu G, Forrest JI, Mills EJ. A real-time dashboard of clinical trials for COVID-19. The Lancet Digital Health. 2020; 2(6):e286-e287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30086-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30086-8

Kumar N, Hameed SKS, Babu GR, Venkataswamy MM, Dinesh P, Bg PK, Ravi V. Descriptive epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Karnataka state, South India: Transmission dynamics of symptomatic vs. asymptomatic infections. EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 32:100717. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100717 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100717

Laxminarayan R, Wahl B, Dudala SR, Gopal K, Neelima S, Reddy KJ, Lewnard JA. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states. Science. 2020; 370(6517):691-697. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.abd7672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd7672

Perlman S, Netland J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nature reviews microbiology. 2009; 7(6):439-450. https://doi. org/10.1038/nrmicro2147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147

Liu DX, Fung TS, Chong KKL, Shukla A, Hilgenfeld R. Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Antiviral Research. 2014; 109:97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013

Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature Microbiology. 2020; 5(4):562-569. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y

Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019; 17(3):181-192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018- 0118-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Pohlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181(2):271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2020.02.052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Robson F, Khan KS, Le TK, Paris C, Demirbag S, Barfuss P, Ng WL. Coronavirus RNA proofreading: molecular basis and therapeutic targeting. Molecular Cell. 2020; 80(6):1136-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. molcel.2020.11.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.048

Gubernatorova EO, Gorshkova EA, Polinova AI, Drutskaya MS. IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine and growth factor reviews. 2020; 53:13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cytogfr.2020.05.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009

Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Ma H. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12:1444. https://doi. org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349

Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020; 20(7):389-391. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0

Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL. Sepsis and septic shock. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2016; 2(1):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.45

Pool R, Gomez H, Kellum JA. Mechanisms of organ dysfunction in sepsis. Critical care clinics. 2018; 34(1):63-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ccc.2017.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2017.08.003

Thevarajan I, Buising KL, Cowie BC. Clinical presentation and management of COVID-19. Med J Aust. 2020; 213(3):134-139. https://doi.org/10.5694/ mja2.50698 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50698

Kar SK, Ransing R, Arafat SY, Menon V. Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India: Barriers to effective governmental response. EClinical Medicine. 2021; 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100915

Hunt RH, East JE, Lanas A, Malfertheiner P, Satsangi J, Scarpignato C, Webb GJ. COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Disease: Implications for the Gastroenterologist. Digestive Diseases. 2021; 39(2):119-139. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000512152

Tang D, Comish P, Kang R. The hallmarks of COVID-19 disease. PLoS pathogens. 2020; 16(5):e1008536. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008536

Gregorevic K, Maier A, Miranda R, Loveland P, Miller K, Buising K, Lim K. Presenting symptoms of COVID‐19 and clinical outcomes in hospitalised older adults. Internal Medicine Journal. 2021; 51(6):861-867 https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15286

Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, Malekjahani A, Osborne M, Li VY, Chan WC. Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS nano. 2020; 14(4):3822-3835. https:// doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02624

La Marca A, Capuzzo M, Paglia T, Roli L, Trenti T, Nelson SM. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A systematic review and clinical guide to molecular and serological in vitro diagnostic assays. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2020; 41(3):483-499. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.001

Huang I, Pranata R, Lim MA, Oehadian A, Alisjahbana B. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: A meta-analysis. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease. 2020; 14:1753466620937175. https://doi. org/10.1177/1753466620937175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1753466620937175

Li M. Chest CT features and their role in COVID-19. Radiology of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 7(2):51-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.001

Prokop M, Van Everdingen W, van Rees Vellinga T, Quarles van Ufford H, Stoger L, Beenen L. COVID-19 Standardized Reporting Working Group of the Dutch Radiological Society. CO-RADS: A categorical CT assessment scheme for patients suspected of having COVID-19-definition and evaluation. Radiology. 2020; 296(2):E97-E104. https://doi.org/10.1148/ radiol.2020201473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201473

World Health organization. COVID-19 clinical management: living guidance. World Health organization. 2021. (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/ clinical/2021.1).

Lamontagne F, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, Leo YS, Diaz J, Agarwal A, Vandvik, PO. A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ (Clinical Research Edition). 2020; 370:m3379.

Elliott JH, Jeppesen BT. Rapid and Living Guidance for COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2021; M21-2245. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-2245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-2245

Kalil AC, Patterson TF, Mehta AK, Tomashek KM, Wolfe CR, Ghazaryan V, Beigel JH. Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021; 384(9):795- 807. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031994

Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R. COVID‐19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2020; 67(9):e28485. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28485

Samaranayake LP, Seneviratne CJ, Fakhruddin KS. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines: A concise review. Oral Diseases. 2021; 15:10.1111/ odi.13916. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13916

Choudhary OP, Choudhary P, Singh I. India’s COVID-19 vaccination drive: key challenges and resolutions. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 2021; 21(11):1483-1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473- 3099(21)00567-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00567-3

Shin MD, Shukla S, Chung YH, Beiss V, Chan SK, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. Nature Nanotechnology. 2020; 15(8):646- 655. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y

Pollard AJ, Bijker EM. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2021; 21(2):83-100. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7

Yadav PD, Ella R, Kumar S, Patil DR, Mohandas S, Shete AM, Bhargava B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, BBV152 in rhesus macaques. Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1):1-11. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21639-w

Sapkal GN, Yadav D, Sahay R. Neutralization of Delta variant with sera of Covishield™ vaccinees and COVID-19. J Travel Med. 2021; 28(7):taab119. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taab119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taab119

Momin T, Kansagra K, Patel H, Sharma S, Sharma B, Patel J, Parmar D. Safety and Immunogenicity of a DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZyCoV-D): Results of an open-label, non-randomized phase I part of phase I/II clinical study by intradermal route in healthy subjects in India. EClinical Medicine. 2021; 38:101020. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101020

Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS. Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. The Lancet. 2021; 397(10275):671-681. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8

Vaccination Dose Status. Government of India. Available from: https://www.mygov.in/covid-19. Accessed on 08th October, 2021.

COVID C, Team R. SARS-CoV-2 B. 1.1. 529 (Omicron) Variant-United States, December 1-8, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2021; 70(50):1731. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr. mm7050el DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7050e1