Exploring the Antitumour Potential of Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. Extract in EAC Models: An Integrative In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

Abstract

Background: Natural compounds have emerged as promising alternatives, owing to their low toxicity and potential efficacy. This study investigates the anticancer effects of Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. leaf extract on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity of D. chloroxylon extract was assessed using the MTT assay on various cancer cell lines, including EAC, A549 (lung), MCF-7 (breast), DU 145 (prostate), HT 29 (colon) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). The in vivo study involved the treatment of EAC-bearing mice with two doses (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg). Parameters such as body weight, tumour volume, packed cell volume, viable and non-viable cell counts, mean survival time and lifespan were evaluated. Haematological parameters and biochemical markers were also analysed, followed by histopathological analysis. Results: In the MTT assay, D. chloroxylon extract showed selective cytotoxicity, exhibiting a strong effect on EAC cells with lower IC₅₀ values than other cancer cell lines and minimal toxicity towards HUVECs. In in vivo, D. chloroxylon treatment mitigated weight loss, reduced tumour volume in a dose-dependent manner and improved survival times. It also normalised haematological and biochemical parameters, indicating its potential to manage cancer-induced complications. Histopathological studies showed that doxorubicin and higher doses of D. chloroxylon enhanced liver tissue structure. However, complete recovery from EAC-induced hepatic alterations, such as dilated sinusoids, remains elusive. Conclusion: Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. leaf extracts demonstrated significant anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Its ability to selectively induce cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and its beneficial effects in an EAC mouse model suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.