Protective Potential of Vitamin C and E against Organophosphate Toxicity: Current Status and Perspective

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Authors

  • Prem Rajak
     Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal - 713340 ,IN
  • Sumedha Roy
     Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal - 713104 ,IN
  • Abhratanu Ganguly
     Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal - 713340 ,IN
  • Moutushi Mandi
     3Toxicology Research UniDepartment of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal - 713104 ,IN
  • Anik Dutta
     Post Graduate, Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling, West Bengal - 734104 ,IN
  • Kanchana Das
     Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal - 713104 ,IN
  • Sayantani Nanda
     Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal - 713340 ,IN
  • Saurabh Sarkar
     Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal - 713128 ,IN
  • Salma Khatun
     Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, Birbhum, West Bengal - 731124 ,IN
  • Siddhartha Ghanty
     Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal - 713340 ,IN
  • Gopal Biswas
     3Toxicology Research UnitDepartment of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal - 713104 ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2022/31007

Keywords:

Ascorbic Acid, Organophosphates, Oxidative Stress, ROS, Tocopherol

Abstract

Pesticides are an integral part of our daily life, used in agricultural fields, store rooms, residences and educational institutions to kill or repel pests. Several chemical subtypes of these compounds are available, of which organophosphate (OP) is major one. These are broad spectrum pesticides used to kill insect pests. OPs are useful but indeed they are most frequent reasons of pesticide poisoning across the globe. OP inhibits acetylcholinesterase activities that results in continuous hyper-excitable state of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Intentional or unintentional exposure to OPs causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, muscular weakness, dementia, Central Nervous System (CNS) dysfunction and even death. Besides acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs are also known to trigger ROS generation within the cellular machinery which results in Oxidative Stress (OS). Free Radicals (FRs) are neutralized by antioxidant-defense system of the body. Vitamin C and vitamin E are the major exogenous antioxidants that scavenge a large amount of free radicals by donating their own electrons to FRs. This phenomenon reduces ROS and hence, OS is prevented. Therefore, vitamin C and E can be considered for daily dietary intake which might be providing prophylactic advantage against OP induced OS and pathophysiology in human beings.

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Published

2022-09-30

How to Cite

Rajak, P., Roy, S., Ganguly, A., Mandi, M., Dutta, A., Das, K., Nanda, S., Sarkar, S., Khatun, S., Ghanty, S., & Biswas, G. (2022). Protective Potential of Vitamin C and E against Organophosphate Toxicity: Current Status and Perspective. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 22(3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2022/31007

Issue

Volume 22, issue 3, September 2022

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Copyright (c) 2022 Prem Rajak

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Received 2022-08-21
Accepted 2022-09-30
Published 2022-09-30

 

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John S, Kale M, Rathore N, Bhatnagar D. Protective effect of vitamin E in dimethoate and malathion induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. J Nutr Biochem. 2001 Sep; 12(9):500-4. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00160-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00160-7

Khatun S, Rajak P, Dutta M, Roy S. Sodium fluoride adversely affects ovarian development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere. 2017; 186:51-61. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.123 PMid:28763637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.123

Khatun S, Mandi M, Rajak P, Roy S. Interplay of ROS and behavioral pattern in fluoride exposed Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere. 2018; 209:220-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2018.06.074 PMid:29936113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.074

Dutta M, Rajak P, Khatun S, Roy S. Toxicity assessment of sodium fluoride in Drosophila melanogaster after chronic sublethal exposure. Chemosphere. 2017; 166:255-66. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.112 PMid:27700992 80. Rajak P, Ganguly A, Sarkar S, Mandi M, Dutta M, Podder S, Khatun S, Roy S. Immunotoxic role of organophosphates: An unseen risk escalating SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021; 149:112007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fct.2021.112007 PMid:33493637 PMCid:PMC7825955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112007

Ghanty S, Mandi M, Ganguly A, Das K, Dutta A, Nanda S, Biswas G, Rajak P. Lung surfactant proteins as potential targets of prallethrin: An in silico approach. Toxicol. Environ Health Sci. 2022; 14(1):89-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00119-0 PMCid:PMC8788395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00119-0

Rajak P, Roy S, Pal AK, Paramanik M, Dutta M, Podder S, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Dutta A, Das K, Ghanty S, Khatun S. In silico study reveals binding potential of rotenone at multiple sites of pulmonary surfactant proteins: A matter of concern. Curr Res Toxicol. 2021; 4:2:411-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. crtox.2021.11.003 PMid:34917955 PMCid:PMC8666459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2021.11.003

Dutta M, Rajak P, Roy S. Determination of chronic median lethal concentration of sodium fluoride in Drosophila melanogaster and exploring effect of sub-lethal concentrations on differential hemocyte count. Proc. Zool Soc. 2019; 72:111-117. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12595-017-0235-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-017-0235-x

Sarkar S, Rajak P, Roy S. Toxicological evaluation of a new lepidopteran insecticide, flubendiamide, in non-target Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). IJT. 2018; 12(3): 45-50. https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.12.3.477.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.12.3.477.1

Rajak P, Khatun S, Dutta M, Mandi M, Roy S. Chronic exposure to acephate triggers ROS-mediated injuries at organismal and sub-organismal levels of Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2018;7(5):874-887. https://doi.org/10.1039/ C8TX00052B PMid:30310664 PMCid:PMC6116822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TX00052B

Rajak P, Dutta M, Roy S. Effect of acute exposure of acephate on hemocyte abundance in a non-target victim Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2014; 96:768-76. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/02772248.2014.980131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.980131

Rajak P, Roy S. Heat Shock Proteins and Pesticide Stress. In: Asea, A., Kaur, P. (eds) Regulation of Heat Shock Protein Responses. Heat Shock Proteins. Springer, Cham. 2018; 13. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-74715-6_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74715-6_2

Sutcu R, Altuntas I, Buyukvanli B, Akturka O, Ozturka O, Koylu H, Delibas N. The effects of diazinon on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat erythrocytes: role of vitamins E and C. Toxicol Ind Health. 2007; 23(1):13-7. https://doi. org/10.1177/0748233707076758 PMid:17722735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233707076758

Akturk O, Demirin H, Sutcu R, Yilmaz N, Koylu H, Altuntas I. The effects of diazinon on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat heart and ameliorating role of vitamin E and vitamin C. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2006; 22(6):455-61. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10565-006-0138-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10565-006-0138-5 PMid:16964585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-006-0138-5

Sulak O, Altuntas I, Karahan N, Yildirim B, Akturk O, Yilmaz HR, Delibas N. Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by organophosphate insecticide methidathion and ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C. Pestic Biochem Phys. 2005; 83(1):21-8. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.03.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.03.008

Ambali SF. Shittu M, Ayo JO, Esievo KA, Ojo SA. Vitamin C Alleviates Chronic Chlorpyrifos Induced Alterations in Serum Lipids and Oxidative Parameters in Male Wistar Rats. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011; 6(4):109-118. https://doi.org/10.3844/ ajptsp.2011.109.118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2011.109.118

Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Kiran R, Sandhir R. Alterations in Ca²⁺ homeostasis and oxidative damage induced by ethion in erythrocytes of Wistar rats: ameliorative effect of vitamin E. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011; 31(3):378-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. etap.2011.01.004 PMid:21787708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.004