Microbiological Load on the Various Surfaces

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Anurag Singh
     Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Sangram Singh
     Department of Biochemistry, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Manikant Tripathi
     Biotechnology Programme, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Pradeep Kumar Singh
     Department of Biochemistry, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Naveen Patel
     Department of Civil Engineering, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN
  • Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
     Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya - 224001, Uttar Pradesh ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2023/34743

Keywords:

Contamination, Currency Notes, Human Health, Microbial Load, Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract

Microorganisms are ubiquitous, including within habitats, and they have a negative impact on human health, sanitation, and living situations. Surface microbial load is affected by various factors such as location, usage, cleaning, and environment. Kitchen countertops, toilet fittings, doorknobs, electrical appliances, and fabrics can harbor bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea. These pathogens may originate from persons, air or external sources. It is known that high microbial loads on surfaces cause health hazards. Pathogenic bacteria can live for extended durations on surfaces, causing infections by contact or aerosolization. Surface microbial load can be decreased through cleaning and disinfection processes. Reducing microbiological contamination requires the use of appropriate cleaning products, and procedures. In antimicrobial coatings, silver ions and other disinfectants can inhibit surface bacterium adhesion and growth. To mitigate health risks, it is necessary to comprehend microbial colonization and survival on various surfaces. This article examines common surface bacteria, microbial load factors, transmission pathways, and their impact on human health.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Published

2023-11-23

How to Cite

Singh, A., Singh, S., Tripathi, M., Singh, P. K., Patel, N., & Chaudhary, V. K. (2023). Microbiological Load on the Various Surfaces. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 23(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2023/34743

Issue

Volume 23, Issue 4, December 2023

Section

Review Article

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Anurag Singh, Sangram Singh, Manikant Tripathi, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Naveen Patel, Vinod Kumar Chaudhary

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Received 2023-08-14
Accepted 2023-10-12
Published 2023-11-23

 

References

Sharma S, Sumbali G. Contaminated money in circulation: A review. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2014; 5(9):1533-40.

Sucilathangam G, Reventh AM, Velvizhi G, Revathy C. Assessment of microbial contamination of paper currency notes in circulation. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2016; 5(2):735-41. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.082

Alabbasy AJ. A literature review on microbial contamination of paper currency. IJEC. 2019; 18:22.

Cozorici D, Măciucă RA, Stancu C, Tihăuan BM, Uță RB, Codrea CI, Matache R, Pop CE, Wolff R, Fendrihan S. Microbial contamination and survival rate on different types of banknotes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074310

Ofoedu CE, Iwouno JO, Agunwah IM, Obodoechi PZ, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M. Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes: A comparative analysis of different denominations recovered from local food vendors. Peer J. 2021; 9:e10795. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10795

Sunil S, Panchmal GS, Shenoy RP, Kumar V, Jodalli P, Somaraj V. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation- An in vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry. 2020; 18(2):179-82. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd. jiaphd_77_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19

Kader MAA, Al-Rawi AM. Survival of some pathogenic bacteria in current currency paper in Mosul City. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 2021; 779(1):012065. https://doi. org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012065

Uneke CJ, Ogbu O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health. 2007; 69(9):54-62

Alemu A. Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: A potential public health hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2014; 2(3):46-53.

Yar DD. Bacterial contaminants and antibiogram of Ghana paper currency note in circulation and their associated health risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana. International Journal of Microbiology. 2020; 1-8. https://doi. org/10.1155/2020/8833757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8833757

Girma G. Health risk associated with the handling of contaminated paper currencies in circulation: A review. AmSci Res J Eng Technol Sci. 2014; 10(1):40-53.

Allan M, Atuhaire C, Nathan M, Ejobi F, Cumber SN. Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018; 31(1). https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.143.16738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.143.16738

Griffith C. Surface sampling and the detection of contamination. In Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry. Woodhead Publishing; 2016. p. 673-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100155-4.00044-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100155-4.00044-3

Kramer A, Assadian O. Survival of microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. Use of biocidal surfaces for reduction of healthcare-acquired infections. 2014; 7-26. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_2

Cozorici D, Măciucă RA, Stancu C, Tihăuan BM, Uță RB, Codrea CI, Fendrihan S. Microbial contamination and survival rate on different types of banknotes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074310

Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, Raoult D. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease. Future Microbiology. 2014; 9(2):249-61. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.161

Prasai T, Yami KD, Joshi DR. Microbial load on paper/ polymer currency and coins. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. 2008; 9:105-9. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v9i0.3173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v9i0.3173

Alemu A. Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: A potential public health hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2014; 2(3):46-53.

Borah D, Parida P, Kumar T. Paper currencies, a potential carrier of pathogenic microorganisms. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2012; 3(1):23-5.

Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, Elshemi AG, Raoult D. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease. Future Microbiology. 2014; 9(2):249-61. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.161

Girma G. Health risk associated with the handling of contaminated paper currencies in circulation: A review. Am Sci Res J Eng Technol Sci. 2014; 10(1):40-53.

Lamichhane J, Adhikary S, Gautam P, Maharjan R, Dhakal B. Risk of handling paper currency in circulation chances of potential bacterial transmittance. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. 2009; 10:161-6. https://doi.org/10.3126/ njst.v10i0.2952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v10i0.2952

Ayandele AA, Ayandele SA. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from Naira notes in Ogbomoso North, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Biology. 2011; 1(8):587-93

Ahmed MS, Parveen S, Nasreen T, Feroza B. Evaluation of the microbial contamination of Bangladesh paper currency notes (Taka) in circulation. Advances in Biological Research. 2010; 4(5):266-71.

Feglo P, Nkansah M. Bacterial load on Ghanaian currency notes. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2010; 4(22):2375-80.

Rote RB, Deogade NG, Kawale M. Isolation, characterization and antibiotic sensitivity of organism from Indian currency. Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources. 2010; 3:255-60.

Alwakeel SS, Nasser LA. Bacterial and fungal contamination of Saudi Arabian paper currency and cell phones. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011; 4(7):556-62. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2011.556.562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2011.556.562

Barro N, Bello AR, Savadogo A, Ouattara CA, Iiboudo AJ. Hygienic status assessment of dishwashing waters, utensils, hands, and pieces of money from street food processing sites in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006; 5(11).

Michaels B. Handling money and serving ready‐to‐eat food. Food Service Technology. 2002; 2(1):1-3. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00030.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00030.x

Pradeep NV, Marulasiddaiah BS, Chetana M, Gayathri P, Maduri SN. Microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation. Journal of Research in Biology. 2012; 2(4):377-82.

Hübner NO, Hübner C, Kramer A, Assadian O. Survival of bacterial pathogens on paper and bacterial retrieval from paper to hands: Preliminary results. AJN The American Journal of Nursing. 2011; 111(12):30-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000408181.37017.82 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000408181.37017.82

Wodzicki AM, Coopland AT. Effect of lactation suppressants on the coagulation mechanism. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1974; 110(8):905.

Todd EC, Greig JD, Bartleson CA, Michaels BS. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 5. Sources of contamination and pathogen excretion from infected persons. Journal of Food Protection. 2008; 71(12):2582-629. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.12.2582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.12.2582

El-Din El-Dars FM, Hassan WM. A preliminary bacterial study of Egyptian paper money. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2005; 15(3):235-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120500105976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120500105976

Saeed S, Rasheed H. Evaluation of bacterial contamination of Pakistani paper currency notes (rupee) in circulation in Karachi. European Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011; 3(3):94-8.

Akoachere JF, Gaelle N, Dilonga HM, Nkuo-Akenji TK. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug-resistant pathogens. BMC Research Notes. 2014; 7:1-3. https://doi. org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-16

Uneke CJ, Ogbu O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health. 2007; 69(9):54-62.