Triple Burden of Malnutrition among Preschool Children in India: Age Stratifed Analysis
Authors
-
School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 088 ,IN
Mayura Tonpe -
School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 088 ,INPriyanka Dixit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30173Keywords:
Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM),Triple Burden of Malnutrition (TBM), preschool children, stunting, underweight, iron defciency anemiaAbstract
In spite of the implementation of several nutrition specifc initiatives in the country, India is still struggling to limit burden of malnutrition among preschool children. The aim of this study was to identify the correlates of the Double (DBM) and Triple (TBM) Burden of Malnutrition among children in India. Information about 1,99,534 children in the age group 6-59 months was obtained from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS - 4). For age stratifed analysis, age groups were created as 6-23 months, 24-35 months and 35+ months. The prevalence of DBM and TBM was found to be 40% and 16% respectively. All children who belonged to Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) and to poorest household and born at higher birth orders, etc were found to be signifcantly affected with DBM and TBM. The study recommends that government policies need to specifcally address nutritional needs of socially disadvantaged children. Also, policies should acknowledge the importance of women’s education and awareness about family planning practices to control its effect on child malnutrition.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All the articles published in IJND are distributed under a creative commons license. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright of their work (all usages allowed except for commercial purpose).
Please contact us at editor@informaticsglobal.com for permissions related to commercial use of the article(s).
Accepted 2022-11-24
Published 2023-03-01
References
Engle, P. and Huffman, S.L. Growing children’s bodies and minds: maximizing child nutrition and development. Fd. Nutr. Bulletin., 2010, 31, 186-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265100312S211
Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K. and Weintraub, R. Concept Note: Malnutrition. Harvard Business Publishing. 2015. Available URL: https://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/ concept-notes/malnutrition (Accessed on 20 Oct 2021)
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Available URL: https://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/ca9692en.pdf (Accessed on 9 Sep 2020)
UNICEF, WHO and The World Bank, Levels and trends in child malnutrition: Key Findings 2020. Available URL: https://www.unicef.org/media/69816/file/Joint- malnutrition-estimates-2020.pdf (Accessed on 12 Sept 2020)
Schroeder, D.G. and Brown, K.H. Nutritional status as a predictor of child survival: Summarizing the association and quantifying its global impact. Bull. World Health Organ., 1994, 72, 569-579.
Pelletier, D.L., Menon, P., Ngo, T., Frongillo, E.A. and Frongillo, D. The nutrition policy process: The role of strategic capacity in advancing national nutrition agendas. Fd. Nutr. Bull., 2011, 32, S59-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265110322S203
McDonald, C.M., Olofin, I., Flaxman, S., Fawzi, W.W., Spiegelman, D., Caulfield, L.E., et al. The effect of multiple anthropometric deficits on child mortality: Meta-analysis of individual data in 10 prospective studies from developing countries. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2013, 97, 896-901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.047639
Global Nutrition Report: Action on equity to end malnutrition. Bristol, UK: Development Initiatives. 2020 Available URL: https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/2020-globalnutrition- report/ (Accessed on 10 Dec 2020).
Mukhopadhyay, D.K., Biswas, R., Chakraborty, M., Sadhukhan, S.K. and Banik, K.K. Anthropometric failure, a new approach to measure undernutrition: An experience from a rural community of West Bengal, India. J. Ind. Med. Assoc., 2009, 107, 211-214.
The State of the World’s Children. Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing world. New York. Available online at: https://www.unicef.org/media/60806/file/SOWC- 2019.pdf (Accessed on 9th September 2020).
Saloojee, H. and Pettifor, J.M. Iron deficiency and impaired child development. Br. Med. J., 2001, 323, 1377-1378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377
Roba, K.T., O’Connor, T.P., Belachew, T. and O’Brien, N.M. Anemia and undernutrition among children aged 6-23 months in two agroecological zones of rural Ethiopia. Pediat. Health Med. Ther., 2016, 31, 131-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S109574
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. 2017. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India. Mumbai: IIPS. Available URL: https://dhsprogram.com/ pubs/pdf/FR339/FR339.pdf (Accessed on 21Jan 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO) 2006, Child Growth Standards: Length/height for Age, Weight-For-Age, Weight-For-Length, Weight-For-Height and Body Mass Index-For-Age, Methods and Development. World Health Organization. Available URL: https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/9789241547185 (Accessed on 5 Jan 2021)
Ferdous, F., Das, S.K., Ahmed, S., Farzana, F.D., Latham, J.R., Chisti, M.J., et al. Severity of diarrhoea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2013, 89, 223-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0743
Khaliq, A., Wraith, D., Miller, Y. and Nambiar-Mann, S. Prevalence, trends, and socioeconomic determinants of coexisting forms of malnutrition amongst children under five years of age in Pakistan. Nutr., 2021, 13, 4566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124566
Masibo, P.K. and Makoka, D. Trends and determinants of under nutrition among young Kenyan children: Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008-2009. Pub. Health Nutr., 2012, 15, 1715-1727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012002856
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume I.
Poda, G.G., Hsu, C.Y. and Chao, J.C. Factors associated with malnutrition among children <5 years old in Burkina Faso: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys IV 2010. Int. J. Qual. Health Care., 2017, 29, 901-908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzx129
Islam, M.S. and Biswas, T. Prevalence and correlates of the composite index of anthropometric failure among children under 5 years old in Bangladesh. Matern. Child Nutr., 2020, 16, 12930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12930
Khamis, A.G., Mwanri, A.W., Kreppel, K. and Kwesigabo, G. The burden and correlates of childhood undernutrition in Tanzania according to composite index of anthropometric failure. BMC. Nutr., 2020, 6, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00366-3
Gewa, C.A. and Yandell, N. Undernutrition among Kenyan children: Contribution of child, maternal and household factors. Pub. Health Nutr., 2012, 15, 1029-1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001100245X
Hoq, M., Ali, M., Islam, A. and Banerjee, C. Risk factors of acute malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months enrolled in a community-based programme in Kurigram, Bangladesh: A mixed-method matched case-control study. J. Health Popul. Nutr., 2019, 38, 36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-019-0192-2
Bork, K.A. and Diallo, A. Boys are more stunted than girls from early infancy to 3 years of age in rural Senegal. J. Nutr., 2017, 147, 940-947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.243246
Khan, T., Khan, R.E.A. and Raza, M.A. Gender analysis of malnutrition: A case study of schoolgoing children in Bahawalpur. Asian Develop. Polic. Rev., 2015, 3, 29-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107/2015.3.2/107.2.29.48
Muenchhoff, M. and Goulder, P.J. Sex differences in pediatric infectious diseases. J. Infect. Dis., 2014, 209, 120-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu232
Kraemer, S. The fragile male. BMJ., 2000, 321, 1609-1612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1609
UNICEF (2011). UNICEF Programming Guide: Infant and Young Child Feeding. Available URL: www.ennonline.net/unhcriycfprogrammingguide (Accessed on 30th March 2021)
Caulfield, L.E., Bentley, M.E. and Ahmed, S. Is prolonged breastfeeding associated with malnutrition? Evidence from nineteen demographic and health surveys. Int. J. Epidemiol., 1996, 25, 693-703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.4.693
UNICEF, Tribal nutrition in India. Available URL: https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/tribalnutrition (Accessed on 25 December 2021).
NITI Aayog, Nourishing India. National Nutrition Strategy 2017. Available URL: https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/Nutrition_Strategy_Booklet.pdf (Accessed on 3rd April 2021)
Ministry of Women and Child Development. POSHAN Abhiyaan 2018. Available URL: https:// www.india.gov.in/spotlight/poshan-abhiyaan-pms-overarching-scheme-holistic-nourishment (Accessed on 20 June 2021).
