Impact of Ayurveda Pre-monsoon Prophylaxis on Episodes and Severity of Fever, Cough and Cold in North Karnataka - A Cross-sectional Survey Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/35933Keywords:
Amritarishta, Rithucharya, Seasons, Sudarshana ghanavatiAbstract
Background: Though monsoons are a real gift of nature, it is a meteorological phenomenon which brings in lots of losses in terms of money and life through the upsurge of various infectious diseases in India. According to Ayurveda, immunity is comparatively lower during the monsoon season. So, it is in practice in our institute to provide pre-monsoon prophylaxis to all interested staff and students to boost immunity. Objective: The present retrospective cross-sectional study was planned to assess the impact of Ayurveda Pre-monsoon Prophylaxis on the severity and frequency of episodes of fever, cough and cold in healthy volunteers. Methods: After obtaining ethical clearance for the cross-sectional study, a survey using Google Forms was conducted. A Google form was created to assess the health condition as well as the frequency and severity of cough, cold and fever in the study subjects before and after prophylaxis. Detailed scrutiny of the respondents was carried out by the investigators. The Google forms of people who participated in the prophylaxis and visited for follow-up six months after receiving monsoon prophylaxis were included in the analysis. The data was analyzed using paired t-test. Results: A total of 591 participants out of 806 met the inclusion criteria and participated in the study. A highly significant (p<0.001) reduction in the frequency of episodes and severity of fever, cold, and cough was found in the study subjects after prophylaxis. Conclusion: So, it may be inferred that Ayurveda Pre-monsoon prophylaxis is an effective practice to enhance overall health and thereby boost the immunity of individuals.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Amal S. Chandran, B. S. Prasad, V. Sreeja Kaimal, Divya Khare (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2024-04-17
Published 2024-06-30
References
Sarkar P, Thakkar J, Chaudhari S. Ritucharya : Answer to the lifestyle disorders. AYU. 2011; 32(4):466. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.96117 PMid:22661838 PMCid:PMC3361919
Sreekumar T. Astangahridaya Sutrasthana-1 of Acharya Vagbhata. 1st edition. Thrissur: Publication division of Harisree Hospital; 2007.
Sharangadhara Samhita, Vidyasagar Pandit Parashuram Shastri, Madhyama Khanda, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashan, Reprint; 2013.
Dasji SG commented by VSADS. Bhaishajya Ratnavali Volume 1. reprint 20. Mishra BSB, editor. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi; 2008.
Saha KR, Mooley DA, Saha S. The Indian monsoon and its economic impact. Geo J. 1979; 3(2):171-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00257706
Patwardhan S, Kulkarni A, Kumar KK. Impact of climate change on the characteristics of Indian summer monsoon onset. Int J Atmos Sci. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/201695
Baqir M, Sobani ZA, Bhamani A, Bham NS, Abid S, Farook J, et al. Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(1):76-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60194-9 PMid:23569839
Singh R, Singh SP, Ahmad N. A study of etiological pattern in an epidemic of acute febrile illness during monsoon in a Tertiary Health Care Institute of Uttarakhand, India. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2014; 8(6):MC01. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8965.4435 PMid:25121013 PMCid:PMC4129282
Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 23rd ed. M/s Banarsidas Bhanot; 2015.
Dhara VR, Schramm PJ, Luber G. Climate change and infectious diseases in India: Implications for health care providers. Vol. 138, Indian Journal of Medical Research. Wolters Kluwer - Medknow Publications; 2013. p. 847-52.
Fares A. Factors influencing the seasonal patterns of infectious diseases. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(2):128-32.
Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasa. Sitaram B, editor. Chaukambha Orientalia, Varanasi; 2015. p. 130-455.
Hussain L, Akash MSH, Ain NU, Rehman K, Ibrahim M. The Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of Tinospora cordifolia. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015; 24(6):957-64. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/27909 PMid:26771966
Mohamme MS, Ali AAM, Basudan O, El Tahir KE, Osman B, Osman WJ, et al. Evaluation of antipyretic, antinocieptive and sedative effects of Tribulus terrestris, Mimosa pigra and Alkanna tinctoria methanolic extracts. J Phytopharm. 2016; 5(3):105-7. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2016.5303
Parhi PK, Pattanayak P, Mishra MKPP. An in-vivo study on analgesic and antipyretic activity of bark extracts of Gmelina Arborea. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2011; 10(2):78-81.
Chhipa AS, Baksi R, Nivsarkar M. Anticancer studies on methanolic extract of aerial parts of Uraria Picta (Jacq.) DC. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00169-0
Dinda B, Silsarma I, Dinda M, Rudrapaul P. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, an important Asian traditional medicine: From traditional uses to scientific data for its commercial exploitation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 161:255-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.027 PMid:25543018
Narayanan N, Thirugnanasambantham P, Viswanathan S, Vijayasekaran V, Sukumar E. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of ethanol extract of Clerodendron serratum roots in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 65(3):237-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00176-7 PMid:10404422
Kumar P. Different preparations of Solanum surattense and their evaluation against fecundity, hatchability, and survival of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. Indian J Sci Res. 2021; 12(1):33. https://doi.org/10.32606/IJSR.V12.I1.00006
Zakaria ZA, Sulaiman MR, Morsid NA, Aris A, Zainal H, Mohd Pojan NH, et al. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Solanum nigrum aqueous extract in animal models. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 31(2):81-8. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2009.31.2.1353876 PMid:19455262
Vaghela B, Buddhadev LSS. Pharmacological activities of Desmodium gangeticum: An overview. Pharma Sci Monit. 2013; 4(4):264-78.
Arul V, Miyazaki S, Dhananjayan R. Studies on the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96(1–2):159-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.013 PMid:15588665
Balasubramanian T, Kumar CT. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens. J Diet Suppl. 2010; 7(2):104-16. https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211003781677 PMid:22435610
Emon NU, Alam S, Rudra S, Riya SR, Paul A, Hossen SMM, et al. Antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic profiling of methanol extract of the aerial part of Piper nigrum: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Food Sci Nutr. 2021; 9(2):833-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2047 PMid:33598167 PMCid:PMC7866625
Asif M, Jafari SF, Iqbal Z, Revadigar V, Oon CE, Shah A, et al. Ethnobotanical and phytopharmacological attributes of Mesua ferrea: A mini review. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2017; 7(04):242-51.
Kamala A, Middha SK, Karigar CS. Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: A review. 3 Biotech. 2018; 8(7):309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1328-6 PMid:30002998 PMCid:PMC6037646
Jafarzadeh A, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M. Therapeutic potential of ginger against COVID-19: Is there enough evidence? J Tradit Chinese Med Sci. 2021; 8(4):267-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.10.001 PMCid:PMC8492833
Kumar S, Kamboj J, Suman, Sharma S. Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum Linn. fruit. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011; 4(2):134-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(11)60020-4 PMid:21704957
Zhao YL, Gou ZP, Shang JH, Li WY, Kuang Y, Li MY, et al. Anti-microbial effects in vitro and in vivo of Alstonia scholaris. Nat Products Bioprospect. 2021; 11(1):127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00294-6 PMid:33389714 PMCid:PMC7778864
Kaila N, Dhir NVS. Antipyretic and analgesic activity of Picrorhiza kurrooa rhizomes. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2019; 10(5):2240-3.
Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle: A critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. J Integr Med. 2022; 20(2):104-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 PMid:34996731
Zahara K, Panda SK, Swain SS, Luyten W. Metabolic diversity and therapeutic potential of Holarrhena pubescens: An important ethnomedicinal plant. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(9):1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091341 PMid:32962166 PMCid:PMC7565871
Gupta PC, Sharma N, Rao CV. A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(8):665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60117-8 PMid:23569991
Abbaszadegan A, Gholami A, Ghahramani Y, Ghareghan R, Ghareghan M, Kazemi A, et al. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Cuminum cyminum as an intracanal medicament compared to chlorhexidine gel. Iran Endod J. 2016; 11(1):44.
Mandeville A, Cock IE. Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extracts inhibit bacterial triggers of some autoimmune diseases and potentiate the activity of tetracycline. Indian J Microbiol. 2018; 58(4):496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-018-0754-9 PMid:30262960 PMCid:PMC6141404
Dharmaratne MPJ, Manoraj A, Thevanesam V, Ekanayake A, Kumar NS, Liyanapathirana V, et al. Terminalia bellirica fruit extracts: In-vitro antibacterial activity against selected multidrug-resistant bacteria, radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity study on BHK-21 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018; 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2382-7 PMid:30526562 PMCid:PMC6286530
Chandran AS, Patil A, Kumar S, Muralidharan K, Kaimal SV. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Amalaki): A natural herbal remedy to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness in Ayurveda - An in silico molecular docking approach. J Nat Remedies. 2023; 23(4):1615-30. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2023/34637
Sharifi-Rad J, Rayess YE, Rizk AA, Sadaka C, Zgheib R, Zam W, et al. Turmeric and its major compound curcumin on health: Bioactive effects and safety profiles for food, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and medicinal applications. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:1021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01021 PMid:33041781 PMCid:PMC7522354
Choudhary S, Kaurav H, Madhusudan S, Chaudhary G. Daruharidra (Berberis aristata): Review based upon its ayurvedic properties. Int J Res Appl Sci Biotechnol. 2021; 8(2):98-106. https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.2.12
Gharge S, Hiremath SI, Kagawad P, Jivaje K, Palled MS, Suryawanshi SS. Curcuma zedoaria Rosc (Zingiberaceae): A review on its chemical, pharmacological and biological activities. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(166):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00316-1
Vedhanayaki G, Shastri GV, Kuruvilla A. Analgesic activity of Piper longum Linn. root. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003; 41(June):649–51.
Sheth DB, Patel VT, Manek RA. Evaluation of effect of ethanolic extract of Fagonia cretica L. plant against experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in mice. J Adv Sci Res. 2020; 11(4):131-41.
Jamadagni PS, Pawar SD, Jamadagni SB, Chougule S, Gaidhani SN, Murthy SN. Review of Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC.: Pharmacognostic, pharmacological, and toxicological perspective. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017; 11(22):141-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_31_16 PMid:28989249 PMCid:PMC5628520
Chandran A, Jerone JJ, Kaimal SV. Ethnopharmacological study about Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Licorice) based on Ayurveda, An Indian system of traditional medicine- A review. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2022; 13(3):587-600. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v13i3.2867
Mirzaee F, Hosseini A, Jouybari HB, Davoodi A, Azadbakht M. Medicinal, biological and phytochemical properties of Gentiana species. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017; 7(4):400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.013 PMid:29034186 PMCid:PMC5634738
Mamillapalli V, Tondepu H, Khantamneni P. Pavonia odorata - An overview of traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res.2021; 69(2):201-3. https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v69i02.029
Firdous Q, Bhat MF, Hussain MM. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activity of Inula racemosa HOOK. F: A review. Int J Res Ayurved Pharm. 2018; 9(1):95-102. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.09120
Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506 PMid:27034694 PMCid:PMC4791507
Bairwa R, Sodha RS, Rajawat BS. Trachyspermumammi. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012; 6(11):56. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95871 PMid:22654405 PMCid:PMC3358968
Patel JJ, Acharya SR, Acharya NS. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. - a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Jun 11;154(2):268-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.071.
Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phyther Res. 2007; 21(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2023 PMid:17089328
Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DNS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: Evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041176 PMid:32325895 PMCid:PMC7230970
Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: A multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942 PMid:24817901 PMCid:PMC4003790
Joseph N, Anjum N, Tripathi YC. Prunus cerasoides D. Don: A review on its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2018; 48(1):62–9.
Moy RL, Levenson C. Sandalwood album oil as a botanical therapeutic in dermatology. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017; 10(10):34-9.
Abdul M, Momin M, Bellah SF, Mohammad S, Rahman R, Rahman AA, et al. Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia L. roots. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60202-1 PMid:24144125
Rastogi S, Pandey MM, Rawat AKS. An ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. and Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 136(2):283-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.031 PMid:21530632
Harish GU, Danapur V, Jain R, Patell VM. Endangered medicinal plant Embelia ribes Burm. f. - A review. Pharmacogn J. 2012; 4(27):6-19. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2012.27.2
Li J, Li X, Wang C, Zhang M, Ye M, Wang Q. The potential of Valeriana as a traditional Chinese medicine: Traditional clinical applications, bioactivities, and phytochemistry. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13(September):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.973138 PMid:36210806 PMCid:PMC9534556
Shukla B, Saxena S, Usmani S, Kushwaha P. Phytochemistry and pharmacological studies of Plumbago zeylanica L.: A medicinal plant review. Clin Phytoscience. 2021; 7(34). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-021-00271-7
Bisht A, Jain S, Misra A, Dwivedi J, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don: A review of traditional use, phytochemical composition and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 279:114361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114361 PMid:34166738
Sireeratawong S, Itharat A, Lerdvuthisopon N, Piyabhan P, Khonsung P, Boonraeng S, et al. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract of Piper interruptum Opiz. and Piper chaba Linn. ISRN Pharmacol. 2012; 2012:1-6. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/480265 PMid:22530143 PMCid:PMC3317034
Sharma S, Sinha R, Singh AK, Meena Y, Pongener A, Sharma R, Behera TK, Barman K. An umbrella review on ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and phytochemical profile of pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.): A bioactive healthy vegetable of Indian subcontinent. Food Chemistry Advances. 2023; 3:100433.
N’guessan BB, Asiamah AD, Arthur NK, Frimpong-Manso S, Amoateng P, Amponsah SK, Kukuia KE, Sarkodie JA, Opuni KF, Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Appiah-Opong R. Ethanolic extract of Nymphaea lotus L.(Nymphaeaceae) leaves exhibits in vitro antioxidant, in vivo anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities on Jurkat and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2021; 21:1-3.
Dhyani A, Sharma G, Nautiyal BP, Nautiyal MC. Propagation and conservation of Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2014; 1(4):144-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2014.10.001
Suyal R, Rawat S, Rawal RS, Bhatt ID. A review on phytochemistry, nutritional potential, pharmacology, and conservation of Malaxis acuminata: An orchid with rejuvenating and vitality strengthening properties. Ref Ser Phytochem. 2020. p. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11257-8_15-1
Suyal R, Bhatt D, Rawal RS, Tewari LM. Status of two threatened astavarga herbs, Polygonatum cirrhifolium and Malaxis muscifera, in West Himalaya: Conservation implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B - Biol Sci. 2020; 90(3):695–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-019-01144-3
Nirwane AM, Gupta PV, Shet JH, Patil SB. Anxiolytic and nootropic activity of Vetiveria zizanioides roots in mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015; 6(3):158-64. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146548 PMid:26604550 PMCid:PMC4630689
Batiha GES, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020202 PMid:32019140 PMCid:PMC7072209
Soni V, Jha AK, Dwivedi J, Soni P. Traditional uses phytochemistry and pharmacological profile of Bambusaarudinacea Retz. TANG Humanit Med. 2013; 3(3):20. https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2013.0011
Selvam NT. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum tamala (nees) in experimental animal models. Int J Bioassays. 2012; 1(9):26-9.
Champasuri S, Itharat A. Bioactivities of ethanolic extracts of three parts (Wood, Nutmeg and Mace) from Myristica fragrans Houtt. J Med AssocThai. 2012; 1(9):26–9.
Perumal R, Vadivel V, Ravichandran N, Veerappan S. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Abies webbiana leaf: A siddha herbal ingredient. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016; 9:213-9.
Bhargava S, Rao PS, Bhargava P, Shukla S. Antipyretic potential of Swertia chirata Buch Ham. root extract. Sci Pharm. 2009; 77(3):617-24. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0812-10
Girija PLT, Sivan N. Ayurvedic treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022; 13(1):100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.001 PMid:32680602 PMCid:PMC7303645
Niladri Bhattacharjya PRYPKP. Preliminary quality control parameters of Maha Sudarshana Ghana Vati - A pilot study. Ann Ayurvedic Med. 2019; 8(1):17-31.
Kumar V, Van Staden J. A review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a traditional medicinal plant. Vol. 6, Frontiers in Pharmacology. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00308 PMid:26793105 PMCid:PMC4709473
Aranha I, Venkatesh YP. Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020; 11(2):140-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.10.006 PMid:30455069 PMCid:PMC7329723
Ghosh S, Saha S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012; 31(4):151. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.107344 PMid:23661861 PMCid:PMC3644751
Weerakoon WASS, Perera PK, Gunasekera D, Suresh TS. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of sudarshana powder. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2018; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6743862 PMid:29849719 PMCid:PMC5914117
Singh B, Gupta V, Bansal P, Kumar D, Krishna CM. Pharmacological potential of polyherbal formulation, Sudarshan Churna - A review. Int J Ayurveda Med. 2011; 2(2):52-61. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v2i2.39