Assessment of Disease Intensity and Evaluation of Enset Clones against Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearum) in Tikur Inchini and Jibat Districts of West Shewa, Ethiopia
Authors
-
Department of Bacteriology, Bacteriology Case Team Process Owner, Ambo Plant Protection Research Center, Ambo ,ET
Mengistu Oli -
Department of Bacteriology, Bacteriology Case Team Process Owner, Ambo Plant Protection Research Center, Ambo ,ETKassahun Sadessa Biratu
-
Department of Bacteriology, Bacteriology Case Team Process Owner, Ambo Plant Protection Research Center, Ambo ,ETTariku Hunduma
-
Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Post Box No-19 ,ETThangavel Selvaraj
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15613/sijrs/2014/v1i2/67547Keywords:
EBW, Ensete ventricosum, Incidence, Resistance, Susceptibility, Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum.Abstract
Enset (Ensete ventricosum Welw. Cheesman) is an important staple food crops in Ethiopia, which is widely cultivated in Southern and South western parts of the country. However, its production has been threatened by one of the devastating bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) in enset cultivated areas of the country. The management of Enset Bacterial Wilt (EBW) is important to maximize the crop's yield. Therefore, the present investigation is to determine the disease intensity (prevalence and incidence) of EBW in enset growing areas of Tikur Inchini and Jibat districts of West Shewa, Ethiopia and to evaluate the field grown enset clones for resistance/tolerance to EBW using pot culture condition. Field survey of EBW disease was carried out in the main growing season during September-November, 2012. The disease assessment was made in the enset cultivated fields of selected localities in both districts. The EBW infection was recorded in different levels in both districts. A total of 75 enset cultivated fields were assessed from Tikur Inchini district, of which, 67 fields were affected with different levels of EBW disease prevalence (89.3%). The highest incidence (27%) of EBW was recorded in Waldo Hindhe locality and the lowest incidence was recorded in Homi Hane locality (14 %). From Jibat district, a total of 75 enset cultivated fields were assessed, of which, 65 fields were affected with different levels of disease prevalence (86.7%). The incidence of EBW was recorded highest in Munyo Abayi locality (25%) and the lowest incidence was recorded in Munyo Witate locality (14%). This data indicated that the disease was widely distributed with a very destructive incidence in survey areas of Tikur Inchini and Jibat districts. To evaluate the field grown enset clones for resistance/tolerance to Xcm, twenty number of enset clones collected from both the districts were assessed, using artificial inoculation under pot culture condition. The relative susceptibility of the cultivars to EBW was evaluated three months after inoculation based on wilt incidence. All Xcm inoculated enset clones expanded disease symptoms to different intensity levels after 15 to 30 days inoculation. The varieties of the disease frequency were variable ranging from 19.3 to 100%. Out of the 20 enset clones, only 6 enset clones confirmed a mean infection incidence less than 50 percent. The present investigation displays that the enset genetic copies fluctuate enset bacterial wilt by their reaction. After 30 days of introduction of inoculation, the enset clones 'Warke Bidu', 'Awenyi', and 'Kekar' showed 100 % disease symptoms. The disease symptom was detected from 'Meziya', 'Hiniba', 'Bedadet' and Warke Dima between 21 and 30 days successive inoculation. The remaining enset clones were relatively resistant/tolerant after inoculation of Xcm. Among all, 'Meziya' was found to have the lowest percentage of disease incidence (19.31%) followed by 'Hiniba' (30.18%) and 'Bedadet' (34.26%). Based on the results, none of the enset clones had resistance to Xcm. The results indicated that the enset clones, 'Meziya', 'Hiniba', 'Bedadet' and 'Warke Dima' have exhibited better resistant/tolerant clones to the bacterial wilt, under artificial inoculation conditions and these enset clones should be considered as most tolerant/resistant clones to the pathogen which could be used as a bacterial wilt management component. The results of the study indicated that the use of resistant/tolerant enset clones is one of the best approaches in the management of EBW, cheaper to the farmers and safer to environments. Hence, a resistant and tolerant outcome of the enset clones confirmed by the wilt pathogen should be further assessed in contrast to a great number of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, isolates in field conditions.
References
Anita S., Cifton H., Endale T., and Gizachew W.M., “Enset needs assessment project phase 1 reportâ€, Awassa, Ethiopia, 1996.
Anonymous. “Awassa Agricultural Research Centerâ€, Progress Report, Plant Protection Research Division, Awassa, Ethiopia, 2008.
Arehaido J.Q., “Annual Report of the Plant Pathologist: July 17, 1991 to July 16, 1992â€. Enset Team Support Project Sidamo Gamo Goffa Peasants Agricultural Development ProgramPADEP- III, Awassa Research Center (IAR), Awassa, Ethiopia, 1991.
Aritua V., Nanyonjo A., Kumakech F., and Tushemereirwe W.K., “Rep-PCR reveals a high genetic homogeneity among Ugandan isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearumâ€. Afr. J. Biotechnol., vol. 6. p. 179–183, 2007.
Ashagari D., “Studies on bacterial wilt of enset (E. ventricosum) and prospects for its control. Ethiopiaâ€. J. Agr. Sci., vol. 7(1). p. 1–14, 1985.
Biruma M., Pillay M., Tripathi L., Blomme G., Abele S., Mwangi M., Bandyopadhyay R., Muchunguzi P., Kassim S., Nyine M., Turyagyenda F.L., and Eden-Green S., “Banana Xanthomonas wilt: a review of the disease, management strategies and future research directionsâ€. Afr. J. Biotechnol., vol. 6. p. 953–962, 2007.
Blanchard R.D., and Talter T.A., Field and laboratory guide to tree pathology, Academic Press, New York, U.S.A., 1981.
Brandt S.A., Spring A., Hiesch C., McCabe S.T., Endale T., Mulugeta D., Gizachew W/M., Gebre Y., Shigeta M., and Shiferaw T., The tree against hunger: Enset-based agricultural systems in Ethiopia. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Awassa Agricultural Research Center, Kyota University Center for Africa Area Studies and University of Flora, Washington, DC, USA. p. 66, 1997.
Central Statistics Authority (CSA). Sample /survey for 2005/06 seasons. CSA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2005.
Dereje A., “Studies on the bacterial wilt of enset (Ensete ventricosum) and prospects for its controlâ€. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 7(1). p. 1–14, 1985.
Endale T., Million T., and Gizachew W., Enset-based farming system of Kucha Woreda of Gamo Goffa Zone. Research Report No. 52. EARO.SNNPRS, SARI, p. 48. 2003.
Eshetu W., “The role of Poecilocarda nigrinervis, Pentalonia nigroner-vosa and Planococcus ficus in the transmission of enset wilt pathogen Xanthomonas musacearum sp. in Wolaita, Ethiopiaâ€, [Master thesis], Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1981.
Fahy P.C., and Hayward G.J., Plant bacterial diseases; A diagnostic guide, Academic Press, Sydney, 1983.
Fikre H., and Gizachew W., “Evaluation of enset clone meziya against enset bacterial wiltâ€. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings. vol. 8, p. 887–890, 2007.
Florence R., Istituto Agronomico Per L’ Africa, April, 1939. About Ensete rot. 1939.
Garrity G.M., Bell J.A., and Lieburn, T., Pseudomonadales, In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (eds.) Garrity, G.M., Brenner, D.J., Krier N.R., and Staley, J.T. Michigan state University, USA., p. 323–378, 1921.
George J., “Enset- The “false banana†as food securityâ€, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2004.
Gizachew W.M., “Variation in isolates of enset pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum) and reaction of enset (Enesete ventricosum) clones to this diseaseâ€, [Master thesis], Alemaya University of Agriculture, Haramaya, Ethiopia, 2000.
Goszczynska T., Serfontein J.J., and Serfontein S., “Introduction to Practical Phytobacteriologyâ€, A manual for phytobacteriology, p. 63, 2000.
Karamura E.B., Kayobyo G., Blomme G., Benin S., EdenGreen S.J., and Markham R., “Impacts of BXW epidemic on the livelihoods of rural communities in Ugandaâ€, Proceedings of the 4th International Bacterial Wilt Symposium, 17-20 July 2006, Central Science Laboratory, York UK, p. 57, 2006.
Kidist B., “Characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum isolates: the causal agent for bacterial wilt diseaseâ€, [Master thesis], Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2003.
Mesfin T., and Gebremedhin W.G., “Enset: Introduction in ischolar_main and tuber crops: the untapped resourcesâ€. Gebremedhin, W.G., Endale, G., and Berga, L. (eds), EIAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, p. 155–156, 2008.
Million T., Eshetu A., and Endriase G., Enset-based farming systems of Masha Woreda. Shaka Zone, EARO Research Report No. 51. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2003.
Mwangi M., Mwebase M., Bandyopadhyay R., Aritua A., EdenGreen S., Tushemereirwe W., and Smith J., “Development of a semi-selective media for the isolation of Xanthomanas campestris pv. musacearum from insect vectors, infected plant material and soilâ€, Plant. Pathol., vol. 56. p. 383–390, 2007.
Quimio J.A., and Tessera M., “Diseases of ensetâ€. In: Ensetbased Sustainable Agriculture in Ethiopia (eds.) Abate, T., Hiebsch, C. and Brandt, S., Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Enset. IAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, p. 188–203, 1996.
SAS Inistitute Inc. SAS/STAT User’s guide, Release 6.12. Cary NC, USA 1167, p. 1997.
Sands D.C., Physiological criteria determinative tests, In: Methods in Phytobacteriology (eds.) Klement, Z., Rudolph, K., Sands, D.C., Akademiai Kiade, Budapast, Hungary, 1990.
Schaad N.W., and Stall R.E., Xanthomonas, In: Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, 2nd Edition, Schaad N.W., APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, p. 81–84, 1988.
Stanley S., “Enset in Ethiopia economyâ€, Ethiopia Geographical Journal, vol. 10(1). p. 30–37, 1966.
Temesgen F., Addis T., Handaro F., and Blome G., “Bacterial wilt (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum) on enset and banana in Ethiopiaâ€, Info. Musa., vol. 13. p. 44–45, 2008.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., and Black R., Diseases caused by bacteria. In: Diseases of Banana, Abaca, and Enset (ed.) Jones D., UK: CAB International, CABI publishing, p. 213– 239, 2000.
Tsegaye B., Tesfaye G., Kidist B., Shiferaw M., and Bola F., Study on Coffee and Enset Production Constraints in Kucha Woreda, Kucha KHC Integerated Development project, Ethiopia, 1998.
Tsehay M., “Studies on genetic and phenotypic variation between enset and banana isolates of bacterial wilt pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum) in Ethiopiaâ€, [Master thesis], Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia, 2009.
Tushemereirwe W., Kangire A., Ssekiwoko F., Offord L.C., Crozier J., Boa E., Ruterford M., and Smith J., “First report of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum on banana in Ugandaâ€, Plant. Pathol., vol. 53. p. 802, 2004.
Welde-Michael G., “Variations in isolates of enset wilt pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum) and reaction of enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) clones to this diseaseâ€, [Master Thesis], Alemaya University, Ethiopia, p. 61, 2000.
Welde-Michael G., Bobosha K., Addis T., Blomme G., Mekonnen S., and Mengesha T., “Evaluation of enset clones against bacterial Wiltâ€, Afr. Crop. Sci. J., vol. 16(1). p. 89–95, 2008.
Welde-Tensaye A., “The Ecology and production of Ensete ventricosum in Ethiopiaâ€, [Doctoral thesis], Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala, p. 129, 1997.
Westphal E. Agricultural system in Ethiopia. Wageningen. The Netherlands: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Agricultural University, 1975.
Winstead N.N., and Kelman A., “Inoculation techniques for evaluating resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearumâ€. Phytopatology, vol. 42. p. 628–634, 1952.
Wondimagegne E., “The role of Poecilocarda nigrinervis, Pentalonia nigeronervosa 5 and Planococus ficus in the Transmission of Enset Wilt Pathogenâ€, [Master Thesis] Wolaita, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1981.
Yirgou D., and Bradbury J.F. “Bacterial wilt of (Ensete ventricosum) incited by Xanthomonas musacearumâ€. Phytopathology, vol. 58. p. 111–112, 1968.
Yirgou D., and Bradbury J.F., “A note on wilt of banana caused by the enset wilt organism Xanthomonas musacearumâ€, East. Afr. Agr. Forest. J., vol. 40. p. 111–114, 1974.
Young J.M., Dye D.W., Bradbury J.F., Panagopoulos C.G., and Robbs C.F., “A proposed nomenclature and classification for plant pathogenic bacteriaâ€. New. Zeal. J. Agr. Res., vol. 21. p. 153–77, 1978.
