Entomopathogenic nematodes as a lethal bioagent to deter Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) infesting different cole crops: A review

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, Kashmir ,IN
  • Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, Kashmir ,IN
  • Division of Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture SKAUST-K, Shalimar – 190025, Jammu and Kashmir ,IN
  • Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, Kashmir ,IN
  • Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, Kashmir ,IN
  • Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, Kashmir ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2024/36158

Keywords:

Infective juveniles, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, synthetic insecticides

Abstract

Cole crops are the most important and attractive vegetables, belonging to the family Cruciferae are extremely grown all over the world. In India, their annual production has been reported to be about 191.77 million metric tons so chips into the economy by a huge amount. Pieris brassicae, one of the dreaded insect pests incur damage to different vegetables to a tune of 40%. To curb this pest damage various synthetic insecticides are applied, albeit showing promising results yet posing drastic negative imprints on non-target organisms, environment and pest resistance. These drawbacks demand a perfect alternative which seals all the glitches created by the chemical insecticides. For this Infective Juveniles (IJs) of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs) act as perfect biological agents. So, work done in these lines has been reviewed to facilitate students and researchers for advanced research related to entomopathogenic nematodes and P. brassicae.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Published

2024-10-08

How to Cite

DASS, W. M., TAK, H., ASKARY, T. H., BHAT, A. A., BHAT, A. H., & MIR, F. H. (2024). Entomopathogenic nematodes as a lethal bioagent to deter <i>Pieris brassicae</i> L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) infesting different cole crops: A review. Journal of Biological Control, 38(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2024/36158

Issue

Section

Review Articles
Received 2024-01-10
Accepted 2024-05-27
Published 2024-10-08

 

References

Abbas, W., Javed, N., Haq, I. U., and Ahmed, S. 2021. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes against cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in laboratory conditions. Int J Trop Insect Sci, 41(1): 525-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s42690-020-00236-2

Abdolmaleki, A., Dastjerdi, H. R., Maafi, Z. T., and Naseri, B. 2017. Virulence of two entomopathogenic nematodes through their interaction with Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis against Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J Crop Pro, 6(2): 287-299.

Akhurst, R. J. 1990. Safety to non-target invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests. In: Laird M, Lacey LA, Davidson EW (eds). Safety of microbial insecticides. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Aldwell, B. (2003). A survey of widespread resident butterflies in County Donegal, Ireland. Bull Ir Biogeogr Soc, 187-201.

Ali, A., and Rizvi, P. Q. 2007. Developmental response of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on different cole crops under laboratory and field condition. Asian J Plant Sci, 6(8): 1241-1245. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2007.1241.1245

Ali, S. S., Ahmad, R., Hussain, M. A., and Parvez, R. 2005. Pest management in pulses through entomopathogenic nematodes. Ind Insti Pulse Res, Kanpur, p. 19.

Arshad, A., and Rizvi, P. Q. 2007. Developmental response of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on different cole crops under laboratory and field conditions. Asian J Plant Sci, 6: 12-41. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2007.1241.1245

Askary, T. H. 2010. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. CAB International, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3333-8_13

Askary, T. H., and Martinelli, P. R. P. 2015. Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780643755.0000 PMCid:PMC4758819

Askary, T. H., Khan, A. A., Waliullah, M. I. S., Banday, S. A., Iqbal, U., and Mir, M. M. 2012. Slug pest management through nematodes in agricultural and horticultural crops. In: Boeri F, Chung JA (eds). Nematodes: Morphology, Functions and Management Strategies. Nova Publishers, New York.

Askary, T. H., and Ahmad, M. J. 2020. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) infesting cabbage under field conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00243-y

Bailey, L. H. 1922. The cultivated Brassica. Gent Herbar, 1: 53-108 Bartninkaĭte, I., and Tyakoryute, B. 1994. Investigation of the factors determining interrelations between the cabbage butterfly and its parasite Apanteles glomeratus and entomopathogenic microorganisms. Ekologija, 31-37.

Bedding, R. A., and Molyneux, A. S. 1982. Penetration of insect cuticle by infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda). Nematolog, 28(3): 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529282X00402

Bedding, R. A. 1984. Large-scale production, storage and transport of the insect-parasitic nematodes Neoaplectana spp. and Heterorhabiditis. Ann Appl Biol, 101: 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1984.tb05593.x

Bedding, R. A., and Akhurst, R. J. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematolog, 21: 109–11. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529275X00419

Bhalla, O. P., and Pawar, A. D. 1977. A survey study of insect and non-insect pests of economic importance in Himachal Pradesh. Tiku and Tiku, Kitab Mahal, Bombay.

Bhalla, S., Kapur, M. L., Verma, B. R., and Singh, R. 1997. An unusual abundance of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) on various Brassica species in the environs of Delhi for locating sources of resistance among different cultivars. J Entom Res, 21(2): 147-151

Boemare, N. E. 2002. Biology, taxonomy and systematics of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. In: Gaugler R (ed). Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK.

Boemare, N. E., Akhurst, R. J., and Mourant, R. G. 1993. DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 43(2): 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-43-2-249

Bunyakin, V. P. 1995. Forecasting the expediency of control measures against the cabbage and rape white butterflies. Vestsi¯ Akadėmi¯i¯ Agrarnykh Navuk Belarusi¯.

Campbell, J. F., and Gaugler, R. 1993. Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Behavior, 126: 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853993X00092

Campbell, J. F., and Gaugler, R. 1997. Inter-specific variation in entomopathogenic nematodes foraging strategy: Dichotomy or variation along a continuum. Fund Appl Nematol, 20: 393-398.

Candolle, A. D. 1885. Origin of cultivated plants. D. Appleton and Co., New York. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29067

Choo, H. L., Kaya, H. K., Burlando, T. M., and Gaugler, R. 1989. Entomopathogenic nematodes: Host-finding ability in the presence of plant roots. Environ Entom, 18: 1136-1140. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/18.6.1136

Claassens, A. J. M. 1995. Observations on the large white, Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), a butterfly which recently established itself in the Western Cape. Metamorphosis, 6(2), 86-93.

Das, P. C. 1992. Vegetable crops of India. Kalyani, Calcutta.

Deshmukh, S. N., and Adarsh, H. S. 1971. Comparative toxicity of some commercial formulations of common insecticides to caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. Punjab Agr Univ J Res.

Dix, I., Burnell, A. M., Griffin, C. T., Joyce, S. A., and Nugent, J. M. 1992. The identification of biological species in the genus Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) by cross breeding second generation amphimictic adults. Parasitol, 104: 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000063770

Edwards, C. A. 1990. The importance of integration in sustainable agricultural systems. In: Edwards CA, Lal R, Madden P, Miller RH, House G (eds.). Sustainable agricultural systems.

Ehlers, R. U., and Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. 2005. Mass production. In: Grewal PS, Ehlers RU, ShapiroIlan DI (eds). Nematodes as biocontrol agents. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990170.0065

EPPO. 2022. EPPO Global database. EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/

Gao, X., and Talalay, P. 2004. Induction of phase 2 genes by sulforaphane protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against photooxidative damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(28): 1044610451. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403886101PMid: 15229324 PMCid:PMC478590

Glaser, R. W. A. 1932. pathogenic nematode of the Japanese beetle. J Parasitol, 18: 199.

Glazer, I., and Novan, A. 1990. Activity and persistence of entomoparasitic nematodes tested against Heliothis armigera. J Econ Entom, 83: 1795-1800. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.5.1795

Gorgadze, O., Bakhtadze, G., and Nebieridze, D. 2018. Efficacy of local entomopathogenic nematodes against Pieris brassicae (L, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Int J Dev Res, 8: 23900-23903.

Grewal, P. S. 2002. Formulation and application technology. In: Gaugler R (ed). Entomopathogenic nematology. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Guerena, M. 2006. Cole crops and other Brassicas: Organic production. A publication of ATTRA. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995670.0265

Gwynn, R. L., Chapple, A. C., and Smits, P. H. 1999. Post application persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes. In: Gwynn RL, Smits PH, Griffin C, Ehlers RU, Boemare N, Masson JP (eds). Cost 819 entomopathogenic nematodes. Application and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes. Luxembourg: European Communities.

Hasan, F., and Ansari, M. S. 2011. Effects of different brassicaceous host plants on the fitness of Pieris brassicae (L.). Crop Prot, 30(7): 854-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.024

Hasan, F., and Ansari, M. S. 2010. Effect of different cole crops on the biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under laboratory conditions. J Crop Sci Biotechnol, 13: 195-202. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12892-010-0025-2

Hawdon, J. M., and Schad, G. A. 1991. Albumin and a dialyzable serum factor stimulate feeding in vitro by 3rd-stage larvae of the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. J Parasitol, 77(4): 587-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3283164 PMid:1713962

Haynes, C., Everhart, E., Jauron, R., Nelson, D., Lenahan, J. 2009. Cole Crops. Iowa State University Extension.

Higgins, L. G. 1983. The butterflies of Britain and Europe. London, UK: William Collins Sons & Co.

Hodges L, Neild, R. E. 1992. G92-1084 Culture of Cole crops. Historical Materials from University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/1014

Hominick, W. M. 2002. Biogeography. In: Gaugler R (ed). Entomopathogenic nematology. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1079/ 9780851995670.0115

Hwang, S. Y., Liu, C. H., and Shen, T. C. 2008. Effects of plant nutrient availability and host plant species on the performance of two Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biochem Syst Ecol, 36(7): 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2008.03.001

Jamdar, N. 1991. On the migration of the large cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae in Kashmir. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc, 88(1): 128-129.

Jogar, K., Metspalu, L., Heiisaar, K., Luik, A., Martin, A. J., Mand, M., Jaaniso, R., and Kuusik, A. 2005. Physiology of diapause in pupae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Agro Res, 3: 21-37.

Johnigk, S. A., and Ehlers, R. U. 1999. Endotokia matricida in hermaphrodites of Heterorhabditis spp. and the effect of the food supply. Nematol, 1: 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854199508748

Kaya, H. K., and Gaugler, R. 1993. Entomopatho genic nematodes. Annu Rev Entomol, 38(1): 181-206. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145

Kaya, H. K., and Stock, S. P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology In: Lacey L (ed). Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978012432555-5/50016-6

Kaya, H. K. 1990. Soil ecology. In: Gaugler R, Kaya HK, editors. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control (pp. 93-115). Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.

Klein, A. 2016. New Zealand is the first country to wipe out invasive butterfly. New Scientist, 29.

Kung, S. P., and Gaugler, R. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. J Inver Path, 57: 242-249. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90123-8

Lacey, L. A., Frutos, R., Kaya, H. K., and Vail, P. 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: do they have a future? Biol Control, 21(3): 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2001.0938

Larsen, T. B., Nakamura, I. 1983. The butterflies of East Jordan. Entomologist’s Gazette, 34(3): 135-208.

Lello, E. R., Patel, M. N., Matthews, G. A., and Wright, D. J. 1996. Application technology for entomopathogenic nematodes against foliar pests. Crop Prot, 15: 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(96)00026-9

Lewis, E. E. 2002. Behavioural ecology. In: Gaugler R (ed). Entomopathogenic nematology. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995670.0205

Lu, D., Macchietto, M., Chang, D., Barros, M. M., Baldwin, J., Mortazavi, A., and Dillman, A. R. 2017. Activated entomopathogenic nematode infective juveniles release lethal venom proteins. PLoS Pathogens, 13(4): e1006302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006302 PMid:28426766 PMCid:PMC5398726

Malan, A. P., Nguyen, K. B., De-Waal, J. Y., and Tiedt, L. 2008. Heterorhabditis safricana n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa. Nematol, 10: 381-396. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854108783900258

Matsuda, M., Yamada, T., Kimura, T., Ishitani, M., Kinota, M., and Kudo, Y. 1997. Occurrence and hibernation of the large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, in Aomori Prefecture in 1996. Annu Report Society Plant Prot North Japan, 178-180.

Maynard, D. N., and Hochmuth, G. J. 2006. Knott’s handbook for vegetable growers. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470121474

Morales, N., Morales-Montero, P., Puza, V., and San-Blas, E. 2016. First report of Heterorhabditis amazonensis from Venezuela and characterization of three populations. J Nematol, 48(3): Article 139. https:// doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2017-021PMid:27765987 PMCid:PMC5070926

Mracek, Z., Nguyen, K. B., Tailliez, P., Boemare, N., and Chen-Shulong. 2006. Steinernema sichuanense n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a new species of entomopathogenic nematode from the province of Sichuan, east Tibetan Mts. China. J Inver Path, 93: 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.06.007 PMid:16934830

Mustafaeva, T. M. 1989. Dynamics of development of the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) in the conditions of the Lenkoran zone of Azerbaijan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaĭdzhanskoĭ SSR, Biologicheskie Nauki.

Nash, R. F., and Fox, R. C. 1969. Field control of the pinetip moth by the nematode DD-136. J Econ Entom, 62: 660663. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/62.3.660

Neira, C. M., Ruff, F. J., and Mundaca, B. N. 1989. Natural enemies of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from cultivated crucifers in Valdivia. (Enemigos naturales de Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) en cultivos de cruciferas en Valdivia.). Agro-Ciencia, 5(2): 5-10.

Nguyen, K. B., Malan, A. P., and Gozel, U. (2006a). Steinernema khoisanae sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new mentomopathogenic nematode from South Africa. Nematol, 8: 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106777998728

Nguyen, K. B., Qiu-LiHong, Zhou-Yong, Pang-Yi. 2006b. Steinernema leizhouense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China, Russian J Nematol, 14: 101-118.

Nguyen, K. B., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and Bata, G. N. M. 2008. Heterorhabditis georgiana n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Georgia, USA. Nematol, 10: 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854108783900276

Nieuwhof, M. 1969. Cole crops: Botany, cultivation and utilization. Leonard Hill, London.

Ovsyannikova, E. I., and Grichanov, I. Y. A. 2009. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds. http://www.agroatlas.ru.

Phan, L. K., Subbotin, S. A., Waeyenberge, L., and Moens, M. 2005. A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema robustispiculum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Chumomray National Park in Vietnam. Sys Parasitol, 60: 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-004-1373-x PMid:15791398

Phan, L. K., Takemoto, S., and Futai, K. 2006. Steinernema ashiuense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Japan. Nematol, 8: 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106778877901

Poinar, G. O., Jr., Karunakar, G. K., and David, H. 1992. Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) from India: Separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles. Fundam Appl Nematol, 15(5): 467472.

Poinar, G. O. 1990. Taxonomy and biology of a Steirernematidae and Heterorhabiditdae. In: Gaugler R, Kaya HK (eds). Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Popova, T. A. 1996. Field evaluation of infestation of white cabbage by lepidopterans (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Izvestiya Timiryazevskoĭ Sel’skokhozyaĭstvennoĭ Akademii.

Ramliana, L., and Yadav, A. K. 2009. Laboratory evaluation of the pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Sci Vis, 9(4): 166173.

Sato, Y., Ohsaki, N. 2004. Response of the wasp (Cotesia glomerata) to larvae of the large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae). Ecol Res, 19(4), 445-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00655.x

Schmiege, D. C. 1963. The feasibility of using a neoaplectanid nematode for control of some forest insect pests. J Econ Entom, 56: 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1093/ jee/56.4.427

Shah, S. W., Rafi, M. A. 2016. Pierid (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) pests and their new crucifers hosts in Pothwar region of Pakistan. Pakistan J Agri Res, 29(3): 273-282.

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouge, D. H., Piggott, S. J., and Fife, J. P. 2006. Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Bio Cont, 38: 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.005

Siraj, Q. 1999. Chemical control and estimation of losses caused by Pieris brassicae on cauliflower (seed crop) in Swat [Master’s thesis, NWFP Agriculture University, Peshawar, Pakistan].

Snogerup, S. 1980. The wild forms of the Brassica oleracea group (2n= 18) and their possible relations to the cultivated ones. Brassica Crops and Wild Allies.[I] (pp. 121-132).

Someya, H., Takano, S., Tatematsu, Y., Hayase, T., Kawabata, J., and Imamura, T. 2007. Effects of some insecticides on mortality of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:Pieridae). Res Bull Plant Protect Service, 43: 33-35.

Sood, P. 2007. Effect of transplanting dates on the incidence of Pieris brassicae Linn. and extent of losses in cabbage under dry temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Legume Res, 30: 297-300.

Steiner, G. 1923. Aplectana kraussei n. sp., eine in der Blatwespe, lyda sp. Parasitirende Nematodenform, nebst Bomerkungen uber das Seitenorgan der parasitischen Nematoden. Zentral blatt fur Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde Infektiozskranheiten und Hygiene Abteilung I Originale, 59: 1-18.

Thapa, R. B. 1987. Biology of Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the Chitwan Valley. Pesticides, 21(6): 30-33.

Thomas, J. A. 1989. The Hamlyn guide to the butterflies of the British Isles., London, UK: Hamlyn Publishing Group.

Tomar, P., Thakur, N., and Sharma, A. 2022. Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode against the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) in polyhouse and in field condition. Egypt J Biol Pest Control, 32(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-022-00535-5

Travassos, L. 1927. Sobre o genera. Oxysomatium Boletim Biologico, 5: 20-21.

Unlu, I. O., Ehlers, R. U., and Susurluk, A. 2007. Additional data and first record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematol, 9: 739-741. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854107782024857

Uribe-Lorio, L., Mora, M., and Stock, S. P. 2007. Steinernema costaricense n. sp. and S. puntauvense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), two new entomopathogenic nematodes from Costa Rica. Syst Parasitol, 68: 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-007-9098-2PMid:17896186

Vorbrodt, K., and Müller-Rutz, J. 1911. The lepidoptera of Switzerland. (Die Schmetterlinge der Schweiz)., 1 Bern, Switzerland: K J Wyss Verlag.

White, G. F. 1927. A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Sci, 66: 302-303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.66.1709.302.b PMid:17749713

Woodring, J. L., and Kaya, H. K. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes: A handbook of biology and techniques. Southern cooperative series bulletin 331, Arkansas Agricultural Experimental station, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Wu, L., Ashraf, M. H. N., Facci, M., Wang, R., Paterson, P. G., Ferrie, A., and Juurlink, B. H. 2004. Dietary approach to attenuate oxidative stress, hypertension, and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 101(18): 7094-7099. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402004101 PMid:15103025 PMCid:PMC406471

Yastrebov, I. O. (1991). Nectar plants near cabbage plantings. Zashchita Rasteniĭ, 17.

Younas, M., Naeem, M., Raqib, A., and Masud, S. 2004. Population dynamics of cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) and cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) on five cultivars of cauliflower at Peshawar. Asian J Plant Sci, 3(3): 391-393. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2004.391.393

Yurt, Ç., Gözel, Ç., and Gözel, U. 2015. The efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematode species on Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 6(2): 77-85.

Zariņs, I., Eglite, G. 1993. Investigation of entomopathogenous viruses in Latvia and their potential as pest control agents. Latvijas Zinatņu Akademijas Vestis. B Daļa, Dabaszinatnes (pp. 49-53).