Vitamin C Attenuates Chronic Chlorpyrifos-induced Alteration of Neurobehavioral Parameters in Wistar Rats
Authors
-
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria ,NG
Suleiman F. Ambali -
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria ,NGJoseph O. Ayo
Keywords:
Attenuation, chlorpyrifos, lipoperoxidation, sensorimotor performance, vitamin CAbstract
Background: Oxidative stress is one of the molecular mechanisms in chlorpyrifos toxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the attenuating effect of vitamin C on chlorpyrifos-induced alteration of neurobehavioral performance and the role of muscle acetylchloinesterase (AChE), glycogen and lipoperoxidation in the accomplishment of this task. Materials and Methods: Male rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups with the following regimens: soya oil (S/oil), vitamin C (VC), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and vitamin C+CPF (VC+CPF). The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 17 weeks. Neurobehavioral parameters measuring efficiency of locomotion, motor strength, righting reflex and excitability were evaluated at day 0 (pretreatment value), weeks 8 and 16. The rats were sacrificed at week 17 and evaluated for muscle glycogen and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations and AChE activity. Results: The result showed that deficits in locomotion efficiency, motor strength, righting reflex and excitability score induced by chronic CPF were mitigated but not completely abolished by vitamin C. The reduced muscle AChE activity and concentrations of glycogen and MDA evoked by chronic CPF were ameliorated by vitamin C. Conclusion: The study therefore showed that improvement in muscle AChE activity, glycogen concentration and reduced lipoperoxidation by vitamin C may be partly responsible for the mitigation of the chronic CPF-induced sensorimotor performance.Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Accepted 2018-05-24
Published 2018-05-25
References
Eskenazi B, Bradman A, Castorina R. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107 Suppl 3:409-19.
Venerosi A, Ricceri L, Scattoni ML, Calamandrei G. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure alters motor behavior and ultrasonic vocalization in cd-1 mouse pups. Environ Health 2009;8:12.
Levin HS, Rodnitzky RL. Behavioral effects of organophosphate in man. Clin Toxicol 1976;9:391-403.
Ambali SF, Idris SB, Onukak C, Shittu M, Ayo JO. Ameliorative effects of vitamin C on short-term sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by acute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2010;26:547-58.
Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, Bridges J, Buffler P, Costa LG, et al. Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008;38 Suppl 2:1-125.
Chakraborti TK, Farrar JD, Pope CN. Comparative neurochemical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated chlorpyrifos exposures in young rats and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993;46:219-24.
Gultekin F, Karakoyun I, Sutcu R, Savik E, Cesur G, Orhan H, et al. Chlorpyrifos increases the levels of hippocampal NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B in juvenile and adult rats. Int J Neurosci 2007;117:47-62.
Brocardo PS, Assini F, Franco JL, Pandolfo P, Müller YM, Takahashi RN, et al. Zinc attenuates malathion-induced depressant-like behavior and confers neuroprotection in the rat brain. Toxicol Sci 2007;97:140-48.
Kamel F, Hoppin JA. Association of pesticide exposure with neurologic dysfunction and disease. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:950-8.
Moser VC. Animal models of chronic pesticide neurotoxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007;26:321-32.
Savage EP, Keefe TJ, Mounce LM, Heaton RK, Lewis JA, Burcar PJ. Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Arch Environ Health 2008;43:38-45.
Wesseling C, Keifer M, Ahlbom A, McConnell R, Moon JD, Rosenstock L, et al. Long-term neurobehavioral effects of mild poisonings with organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers. Int J Occup Health 2002;8:27-34.
Alavanja MC, Hoppin JA, Kamel F. Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: Cancer and neurotoxicity. Annu Rev Public Health 2004;25:155-97.
Kamel F, Engel LS, Gladen BC, Hoppin JA, Alavanja MC, Sandler DP. Neurologic symptoms in licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007;26:243-50.
Mitra NK, Siong HH, Nadarajah VD. Evaluation of neurotoxicity of repeated dermal application of chlorpyrifos on hippocampus of adult mice. Ann Agric Environ Med 2008;15:211-16.
Prendergast MA, Self RL, Smith KJ, Ghayoumi L, Mullins MM, Butler TR, et al. Microtubule-associated targets in chlorpyrifos oxon hippocampal neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 2007;146:330-9.
Southorn PA, Powis G. Free radicals in medicine: I. Chemical nature and biologic reactions. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:381-9.
Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: Curiosity, cause or consequence? Lancet 1994;344:721-4.
Klein JA, Ackerman SL. Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2003;111:785-93.
Ambali S, Akanbi D, Igbokwe N, Shittu M, Kawu M, Ayo J. Evaluation of subchronic chlorpyrifos poisoning on hematological and serum biochemical changes in mice and protective effect of vitamin C. J Toxicol Sci 2007;32:111-20.
El-Hossary GG, Mansour SM, Mohamed AS. Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on chronic chlorpyrifos-induced erythrocyte osmotic fragility in Wistar rats. J Appl Sci Res 2009;5:1218-22.
Ambali SF, Ayo JO, Ojo SA, Esievo KA. Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on chronic chlorpyrifos-induced increased erythrocyte fragility in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011;30:19-24.
Hughes RN, Lowther CL, van Nobelen M. Prolonged treatment with vitamins C and E separately and together decreases anxietyrelated open-field behavior and acoustic startle in hooded rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011;97:494-9.
Ambali SF. Ameliorative effect of vitamins C and E on neurotoxicological, hematological and biochemical changes induced by chronic chlorpyrifos in Wistar rats. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University; 2009.
Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 85-23, Revised 1985, Office of Science and Health Reports, DRR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Petrich CE. Effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 on recovery from spinal cord injury in rats given uncontrollable stimulation A Senior Honours Thesis Submitted to the Office of Honours Programs and Academic Scholarships, University Undergraduate Research Fellows, Texas AandM University, 2006 Available from: http://txspace.tamil.edu/ bistream/960.1/3701/1/petrichThesis.pdf. [Last accessed on 2007 Apr 17].
Abou-Donia MB, Goldstein LB, Jones KH, Abdel-Rahman AA, Damodaran TV, Dechkovskaia AM, et al. Locomotor and sensorimotor performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET and permethrin alone and in combination. Toxicol Sci 2001;60:305-14.
Laviola G, Adriani W, Gaudino C, Marino R, Keller F. Paradoxical effects of prenatal acetylcholinesterase blockade on neurobehavioral development and drug-induced stereotypies in reeler mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;187:331-44.
Ayo JO, Minka NS, Mamman M. Excitability scores of goats administered ascorbic acid and transported during hot-dry conditions. J Vet Sci 2006;7:127-31.
Good CA, Krames H, Somongi M. Chemical Procedure for analysis of polysaccharides. Methods Enzymol 1933;100:485.
Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:421-31.
Ellman GC, Courtney KO, Andres V Jr, Feather-Stone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1961;7:88-95.
Ambali SF, Ayo JO. Sensorimotor performance deficits induced by chronic chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats: Mitigative effect of vitamin C. Toxicol Environ Chem 2011;93:1212-26.
Southorn PA, Powis G, Phill D. Free radicals in medicine II. Involvement in human disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:390-08.
Blair AS, Hajduch E, Litherland GJ, Hundal HS. Regulation of glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in l6 muscle cells during oxidative stress: Evidence for cross-talk between the insulin and SAPK2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 1999;274:36293-9.
Goel A, Dani V, Dhawan DK. Protective effects of zinc on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and hepatic histoarchitecture in chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2005;156:131-40.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Oxygen radicals and the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1985;8:22-6.
Schmidley JW. Free radicals in central nervous system ischaemia. Stroke 1990;990:1086-90.
Zhu BW, Piao ML, Zhang Y, Han S, An QD, Murata Y, et al. Resistance imparted by vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B12 to the acute hepatic glycogen change in rats caused by noise. Acta Med Okayama 2006;60:107-11.
Yavuz T, Delibas N, Yildirim B, Altuntas I, Candir O, Cora A, et al. Vascular wall damage in rats induced by methidathion and ameliorating effect of vitamins E and C. Arch Toxicol 2004;78:655-9.
Ritz B, Yu F. Parkinson's disease mortality and pesticide exposure in California 1984-1994. Int J Epidemiol 2000;29:323-29.
Terry AV Jr, Stone JD, Buccafusco JJ, Sickles DW, Sood A, Prendergast MA. Repeated exposures to subthreshold doses of chlorpyrifos in rats: Hippocampal damage, impaired axonal transport, and deficits in spatial learning. J Pharmacol ExpTher 2003;305:375-84.
Miranda J, McConnell R, Wesseling C, Cuadra R, Delgado E, Torres E, et al. Muscular strength and vibration thresholds during two years after acute poisoning with organophosphate insecticides. Occup Environ Med 2004;61:e4.
Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames RG, O'Malley M, Chrislip D, Russo J. Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am J Pub Health 1994;84:731-6.
Steenland K, Dick RB, Howell RJ, Chrislip DW, Hines CJ, Reid TM, et al. Neurologic function among termiticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:293-300.
Mehta A, Verma RS, Vasthava S. Chlorpyrifos-induced alterations in rat brain acetylcholine esterase, lipid peroxidation and ATPase. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2005;42:54-8.
Terry AV Jr, Gearhart DA, Beck WD Jr, Truan JN, Middlemore ML, Williamson LN, et al. Chronic intermittent exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats: Protracted effects on axonal transport, neurotrophin receptors, cholinergic markers, and information processing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322:1117-28.
Tahmaz N, Soutar A, Cherrie JW. Chronic fatigue and organophosphate pesticides in sheep farming: A retrospective study amongst people reporting to a UK pharmacovigilance scheme. Ann Occup Hyg 2003;47:261-7.
Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Chlorpyrifos exposure during a critical neonatal period elicits gender-selective deficits in the development of coordination skills and locomotor activity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000;121:179-87.
Balz F. Vitamin-C intake. Nutr Dis 2003;14:1-18.
Naidu KA. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutr J 2003;2:7.
McCollister SB, Kociba RJ, Gehring PJ, Humiston CG. Results of two-year dietary feeding studies on Dowco 179 in beagle dogs. DPR, 1971; Vol. 342-252 #36338.
Young JT, Grandjean M. Chlorpyrifos: 2-year dietary chronic toxicity-oncogenicity study in Fischer-344 rats. Dow Study No. TXT: K-044793-079. DPR 1988;Vol. 342-345 #72300.
