Neuroprotective Potential of Bacopa monnieri, Camellia sinensis and Curcumin on Chlorpyrifos Exposed Drosophila melanogaster

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Mahendra Pratap Singh
     School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara – 144411, Punjab ,IN ORCID logo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-7191
  • Humera Hamid
     School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara – 144411, Punjab ,IN
  • Ranjana Himalian
     School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara – 144411, Punjab ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2021/v28i1/23504

Keywords:

Antioxidant, Drosophila melanogaster, Free Radical Scavenging, Neurodegeneration, Plant Extract, Total Phenolic Content
Toxicology and neurodegeneration

Abstract

The popular treatment approaches of neurodegenerative diseases are generally for symptom management, but unfortunately, there is no significant curative approach present so far that can signifcantly reduce its progression. Indian traditional medicine is being used alone or in a combination of herbs to fight against these diseases. The commonly used herbs/traditional medicine(s) for this purpose are Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Curcuma longa (curcumin) and Camellia sinensis (green tea). In the present study, herbs were judged for its free radical scavenging activity through DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and also Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). Among them, green tea exhibited highest total phenolic content and also higher total flavonoid content (99.667±3.547 mg GA/g and with 7.633±2.532 mg QE/g, respectively) followed by Bacopa monnieri and Curcumin. In this context, Green tea showed maximum free radical scavenging activity than curcumin followed by Brahmi (GT>CUR>BM). These herbs were evaluated to check their potential in the improvement of the climbing ability of flies and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). In this study, fruit flies were fed normal food, chlorpyrifos contaminated food and also chlorpyrifos (Chlor) along with individual herbs as mentioned above (Chlor+GT, Chlor+CUR, Chlor+BM). Interestingly, we found that the free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activities, of Brahmi (97%) has the highest improvement in climbing activity as compared to green tea (90%) followed by curcumin (86%) and organisms treated with these herbs show a trend BM>GT>CUR. Moreover, Brahmi also exhibited maximum improvement in AChE activities as compared to curcumin and green tea and showed a trend BM>CUR>GT.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2021-03-24

How to Cite

Pratap Singh, M., Hamid, H., & Himalian, R. (2021). Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Bacopa monnieri, Camellia sinensis</i> and Curcumin on Chlorpyrifos Exposed <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Toxicology International, 28(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2021/v28i1/23504

Issue

Volume 28, Issue 1, January-March 2021

Section

Original Research
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Received 2019-04-02
Accepted 2019-07-16
Published 2021-03-24

 

References

Lu B, Voge H. Drosophila Models of Neurodegenrative diseases. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009; 4:315–42. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathol.3.121806.151529. PMid:18842101. PMCid:PMC3045805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathol.3.121806.151529

De Stropper B. Aph-1, Pen-2 and Nicastrin with Presenilin generate an active γ-secretase complex. Neuron. 2003; 38:9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S08966273(03)00205-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00205-8

Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 2002; 297:3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072994. PMid:12130773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072994

Nass R, Przedborski S. Parkinson's disease: Molecular and therapeutic insights from model systems; 2008.

Polymeropoulos M, Higgins J, Golbe L. Effects of pharmacological agents upon a transgenic model of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila melanogaster. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996; 1:91–6.

Chaudhuri A, Bowling K, Funderburk C, Lawal H, Inamdar A, Wang Z, Donnell JMO. Interaction of genetic and experimental factors in a Drosophila Parkinsonism model. J Neu Sci. 2007; 27(10):2457–67. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4239-06.2007. PMid:17344383. PMCid:PMC6672491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4239-06.2007

Stokes AH, Hastings TG, Varun KE. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of dopamine. J Neuro Res. 1999; 55:659–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10974547(19990315)55:6<659::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990315)55:6<659::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-C

Shinomol GK, Muralidhara. Bacopa monnieri modulated endogenous cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative markers in prepubertal mice brain. Phyto medicine. 2011; (18):317–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.005. PMid:20850955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.005

Kumar V. Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: An overview. Phytother Res. 2006; 20:1023–35. https:// doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1970. PMid:16909441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1970

Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IFF. Herbal medicine: An introduction to its history, usage, regulation, current trends, and research needs, herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2011.

Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81(6):462–71. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001. PMid:20156530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001

Perez-Hernandez J, Zaldí­var-Machorro VJ, VillanuevaPorras D, Vega-Avila E, Chavarria A. A potential alternative against neurodegenerative diseases: phytodrugs. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8378613. PM id:26881043 PMCid:PMC4736801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8378613

Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research: New Delhi; 1956.

Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monnieri: A reputed nootrophic plant: An overview. Phyto Med. 2005; (12) :305–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008. PMid:15898709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008

Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA, Hitt AR, Young KA, Manyam BV. Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monnieri. Phytother Res. 2007; 21:965–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ptr.2195. PMid:17604373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2195

Ernst E. Herbal remedies for anxiety - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2006; 13:205–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.11.006. PMid:16428031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.11.006

Butterfield D, Castegna A, Pocernich C, Drake J, Scapagnini G, Calabrese V. Nutritional approaches to combat oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2002; 13:444–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0955-2863(02)00205-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00205-X

Higdon JV, Frei B. Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003; 43:89–1 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690390826464. PMid:12587987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690390826464

Gotz ME, Freyberger A, Riederer P. Oxidative stress: a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 1990; 29:241–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-7091-9050-0_23. PMid:2193108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9050-0_23

Ecobichon DJ. Anticholinestarase insecticides. In Comp. Toxi. 1997; 11:447–56.

Ishii N, Senoo-Matsuda N, Miyake K, Yasuda K, Ishii T, Hartman PS, Furukawa S. Coenzyme Q10 can prolong C. elegans life span by lowering oxidative stress. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004; 125:41–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.002. PMid:14706236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.002

Subramanian P, Prasanna V, Jacqueline JJ, Rahman APS, Hashim OH. Role of Bacopa monnieri in the temporal regulation of oxidative stress in clock mutant (cryb) of Drosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physio. 2014; 65: 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.04.005. PMid:24780191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.04.005

Singh MP, Reddy MM, Mathur N, Saxena DK, Chowdhuri DK. Induction of hsp70, hsp60, hsp83, hsp26 and oxidative stress markers in benzene, toluene and xylene exposed Drosophila melanogaster: Role of ROS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009; 235(2):226– 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.002. PMid:19 118569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.002

Singh MP, Ram KR, Mishra M, Shrivastava M, Saxena DK, Chowdhuri DK. Effects of co-exposure of benzene, toluene and xylene to Drosophila melanogaster: Alteration in hsp60, hsp83, hsp26, ROS generation and oxidative stress markers. Chemosphere. 2010; 79:577– 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.054. PMid:20188393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.054

Singh MP, Mishra M, Sharma A, Shukla AK, Mudiam MKR, Patel DK, Ram KR, Chowdhuri DK. Genotoxicity and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene: Attenuation by quercetin and curcumin. Toxi and Appl Pharmacol. 2011; 253:14–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.006. PMid:21420423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.006

Hosamini R, Muralidhara. Prophylactic treatment with Bacopa monnieri leaf powder mitigates paraquatinduced oxidative perturbations and lethality in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biochem and Biophys. 2010; 47:75–82.

Unachukwu UJ, Ahmed S, Kavalier A, Lyles JT, Kennelly EJ. White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): Variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci. 2010; 75(6):C541–8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x. PMid:20722909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x

Baba SA, Malik. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. J Tai Uni Sci. 2015; 9:449–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001

Zhu K, Zhou H, Qian H. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Wheat Germ Protein Hydrolysates (WGPH) prepared with alcalase. Pross Biochem. 2006; 41:1296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.12.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.12.029

Sharma A, Mishra M, Shukla AK, Kumar R, Abdin MZ, Chowdhuri DK. Organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan induced cellular and organismal response in Drosophila melanogaster. J Haz Materials. 2012; 221:275–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.045. PMid:22579458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.045

Srikumar BN, Ramkumar K, Raju TR, Rao BSS. Assay of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain. Brain and Behavior. 2004; 142–44.

Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinestarase activity. Bio Chem Pharmacol. 1960; 7:88–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9

Jain P, Sharma HP, Basri F, Priya K, Singh P. Phytochemical analysis of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and their anti-fungal activities. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2017; 16(2):310–18.

Alam MN, Wahed TB, Sultana F, Ahmed J, Hasan M. In vitro antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri L. Turkish J Pharm Sci. 2012; 9(3):285–92.

Taheri M, Giahi M, Shahmohamadi R, Ghafoori H, Aghamaali MR, Sariri R. Screening antioxidant activity of extracts from different tea samples. Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 3:442–8.

Maizura M, Aminah A, Wan Aida WM. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiberofficinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract. Int Food Research. J. 2011; 18(2):529–34.

Tanzeela N, Muneeb I, Ahmad R, Madiha S, Fatima I, Marwa W. Estimation of total phenolics and free radical scavenging of turmeric (Curcuma longa). AmericanEurasian J Agric & Environ. Sci., 2015; 15(7):1272–127.

Mukherjee S, Dugad S, Bhandare R, Pawar N, Jagtap S, Pawar PK, Kulkarni O. Evaluation of comparative free-radical quenching potential of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) and Mandookparni (Centella asiatica). Ayu. 2011; 32(2), 258. https://doi.org/10.4103/09748520.92549. PMid:22408313. PMCid:PMC3296351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.92549

Bansode PA. Total flavonoid content of commonly consumed teas in India. W J Pharma Res. 2015; 4(2):874–81.

Manian R, Anusuya N, Siddhuraju P, Manian S. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of two different solvent extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. kuntz, Ficusbengalensis L. and Ficusracemosa L. Food Chem. 2008; (107):1000–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.008

Borra SK, Gurumurthy P, Mahendra J. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of curcumin determined by using different in vitro and ex vivo models. J Medi Plants Res. 2013; 7(36):2680–90.

Park JH, Jung JW, Ahn YJ, Kwon HW. Neuroprotective properities of phytochemicals against paraquat-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Pest Biochem and Physio. 2012; 104:118– 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.07.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.07.006