Overview on Alzheimer’s Disease

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram – 522502, Andhra Pradesh ,IN
  • Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram – 522502, Andhra Pradesh ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2021/v28i4/27338

Keywords:

Dementia, Deterioration of Memory, Loss of Cognitive Function, Reactive Microgliosis, Synapses, White Matter

Abstract

The world wide spread dementia of Alzeheimer disease is estimated to be as high as 24 million and it is hypothesized to be double every 20 years through 2040 resulting to a costly risk of the disease. Alzehimer disease is the main cause of dementia and is manifested by a gradual loss of cognitive function which is initially begin with deterioration of memory. Before death, the patient is fully dependent on their care givers. The main mechanism underlying the neuropath logical changes in Alzheimer patient are remaining unknown. But mainly they may be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The hall mark pathology of Alzheimer disease are mainly accompanied by the presence of reactive microgliosis and the loss of neurons, white matter and synapses3.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Published

2021-12-22

How to Cite

Argaw, M. G., & Bandaru, N. (2021). Overview on Alzheimer’s Disease. Toxicology International, 28(4), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2021/v28i4/27338

Issue

Section

Original Research
Received 2021-03-16
Accepted 2021-11-11
Published 2021-12-22

 

References

Smith MA. Alzheimer disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1998; 42:1– 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60607-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60607-8

Cummings JL, Cole G. Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002; 287(18):2335–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.18.2335. PMid:11988038.

Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimerrelated changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991; 82(4):239–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308809. PMid:1759558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308809

Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R. Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011; 7(3):137–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2. PMid:21304480. PMCid:PMC3339565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2

Cummings JL, Cole G. Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002; 287(18):2335–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.18.2335. PMid:11988038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.18.2335

Huang Y, Mucke L. Alzheimer mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cell. 2012; 148(6):1204–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.040. PMid:22424230. PMCid:PMC3319071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.040

Winslow BT, Onysko M, Stob CM, Hazlewood KA. Treatment of Alzheimer disease. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 83(12):1403–12.

Batsch NL, Mittelman MS. World Alzheimer Report 2012. Overcoming the Stigma of Dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease INTERNATIONAL (ADI), London; 2012.

Jonsson T, et al. Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368(2):107–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211103

Knuesel I, et al. Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014; 10(11):643. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol. 2014.187. PMid:25311587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.187

Krstic D, Knuesel, I. Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013; 9(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.236. PMid:23183882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.236

Sosa-Ortiz, AL, Acosta-Castillo I, Prince MJ. Epidemiology of dementias and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Med Res. 2012; 43(8):600–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.003. PMid:23159715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.003

Bonda DJ, et al. Role of metal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer’s disease. Metallomics. 2011; 3(3): 267–70. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0mt00074d. PMid:21298161. PMCid:PMC3117398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0mt00074d

Van Gorp B, Vercruysse T. Frames and counter-frames giving meaning to dementia: A framing analysis of media content. Soc Sci Med. 2012; 74(8):1274–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.045. PMid:22386639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.045

Melo A, et al. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/467180. PMid:22191013. PMCid:PMC3236428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/467180

Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(2):621S–9S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.2.621s. PMid:10681270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.2.621s

Esler WP, Wolfe MS. A portrait of Alzheimer secretases-- new features and familiar faces. Science. 2001; 293(5534):1449–54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1064638. PMid:11520976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064638

Skoog I, Kalaria RN, Breteler MM. Vascular factors and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999; 13:S106–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199912003-00016. PMid:10609689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199912003-00016

Larson EB, et al. Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Annals of internal medicine. 2004; 140(7):501–9. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00008. PMid:15068977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00008

Engelhart MJ, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002; 287(24):3223–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.24.3223. PMid:12076218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.24.3223

De la Torre JC. Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: Nosological Evidence. Stroke. 2002; 33(4):1152–62. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000014421.15948.67. PMid:11935076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000014421.15948.67

Kozauer N, Katz R. Regulatory innovation and drug development for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368(13):1169–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1302513. PMid:23484795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1302513

Rafii MS, Aisen PS. Recent developments in Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. BMC Medicine. 2009; 7(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-7-7. PMid:19228370. PMCid:PMC2649159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-7-7

Crismon ML. Tacrine: first drug approved for Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Pharmacother. 1994; 28(6):744–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800612. PMid:7919566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800612

Mayeux R, Sano M. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(22):1670–79. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911253412207. PMid:10572156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911253412207

Molinuevo J L, et al. Current state of Alzheimer’s fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol. 2018; 136(6):821–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x. PMid:30488277. PMCid:PMC6280827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x

Behrens S, et al. Use of FDA approved medications for Alzheimer’s disease in mild dementia is associated with reduced informal costs of care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018; 30(10):1499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021800011X. PMid:29559029. PMCid:PMC6150839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021800011X

Bassil N, Thaipisuttikul P, Grossberg GT. Memantine ER, a once-daily formulation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010; 11(10):1765–71. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2010.493874. PMid:20540654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2010.493874

Lleo A, Greenberg SM, Growdon JH. Current pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Annu Rev Med. 2006; 57:513–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131442. PMid:16409164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131442

Romero K, et al. The future is now: model?based clinical trial design for Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 97(3):210–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.16. PMid:25669145. PMCid:PMC6463482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.16

Most read articles by the same author(s)